MEC&F Expert Engineers : 06/27/17

Tuesday, June 27, 2017

Fireworks mortar explosion took the left hand and his arm from halfway around the forearm of Leechburg Police Chief Michael Diebold at the Leechburg, PA Fireman’s Carnival











A fireworks display at the Leechburg (PA) Fireman’s Carnival was abruptly ended by a horrible incident Saturday night. Initial reports are that some fireworks went off, but didn’t launch.

The incident happened about 2230 hours when the Chief was lighting mortars during the fireworks show.



The explosion reportedly took the left hand and his arm from halfway around the forearm of Leechburg Police Chief Michael Diebold.



The D.A. did confirm that Chief Diebold also operates a business called Aura Fireworks in Leechburg and is he is reportedly licensed but one report claims that the Pennsylvania Attorney General’s Office — with which for-profit businesses must register — reported that it does not have a record of the business.


The Chief is in stable condition. KHIYP’s.



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LEECHBURG, Pa. —

A community comes together for its police chief after he was injured in a fireworks accident at the Leechburg Volunteer Fireman's Carnival.


Advertisement

On Saturday during the carnival's firework show, a firework misfired and hit Chief Mike Diebold in the hand.

He was flown to Mercy Hospital.

"Last night, he looked like he would never make it, but today he is doing great," said Karen Diebold, Mike Diebold's mother. "Half of it is because all of the people in Leechburg that supported him from last night until now."

Karen Diebold says her son is talking and joking again.

Karen added, "This is also from his fiancé, Danielle. We just cannot say enough thank yous. I mean I never saw a town come together like this."

Police officers, firefighters, friends and family attended a candlelight prayer vigil Sunday evening at the Leechburg Fire Hall.

A local t-shirt business, Little Devils Imprints, created a shirt to sell to raise money for Diebold and his family. All proceeds from sales go towards Diebold's medical expenses. For more information, check out Little Devils Imprints Facebook page.

State police are investigating to find out how this accident happened.



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Leechburg Police Chief Injured While Setting Off Fireworks June 25, 2017 11:54 AM

LEECHBURG (KDKA) — A fireworks display at the Leechburg Fireman’s Carnival was abruptly ended by a horrible accident Saturday night.

Jimmy Francis was watching the show with friends.

“One of the fireworks went off, and it didn’t go up in the air. Then another two went off, and after those two went off, I heard screaming, ‘Help! Help!’” Francis said.
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Francis was one of several people who ran to the scene of the accident behind a warehouse on Canal Street. That’s when he says he saw a man missing part of his arm and rapidly going into shock.

The Armstrong County District Attorney’s Office confirmed the injured man is Leechburg Police Chief Michael Diebold.


Credit: KDKA

“I would say probably from about half the forearm down was missing,” Francis said. “He was down on the ground, and he ended up collapsing.”

Officials would not confirm the extent of Diebold’s injuries.

The D.A. did confirm that Diebold operates a business called Aura Fireworks in Leechburg.



A Niles, MI man, Dennis Kobb, 64, is crusdhed to death after being run over by his own semi-truck at the Paragon Tempered Glass Company, 1830 Terminal Road in the Niles industrial park.




Man killed when run over by tractor-trailer at Niles business



Posted on June 27, 2017 at 11:14 AM



By Brad Devereaux


NILES, MI -- A Niles man was killed when a tractor-trailer ran him over while he was moving an empty trailer from the loading dock at Paragon Industries, police say.

The Niles Police Department received a 911 call about 5:15 a.m. Tuesday, June 27, reporting the accident at Paragon Industries, 1830 Terminal Road, according to a news release from Chief of Police Jim Millin.

Officers and first responders found Dennis Cobb, 64, of Niles had been run over by the rear wheels of a tractor-trailer.

"Cobb was in the process of moving an empty trailer from the loading dock and while doing so it appears he may have fallen from the cab of the truck and was caught under the rear drive tires of the semi-tractor," police said.

He was pronounced dead at the scene and the incident remains under investigation, police said.

The Niles Fire Department, Michigan State Police, Berrien County Sheriff's Office, and ambulance personnel assisted Niles police.

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NILES, Mich. — Police say a man is dead after he was ran over by a semi tractor Tuesday morning.

It happened around 5:15 a.m. in the 1800 block of Terminal Road at Paragon Industries in Niles.

Dennis Cobb, 64, of Niles reportedly was ran over by the back tires of the semi tractor. Police say Cobb was moving an empty trailer from the loading dock and likely fell from the cab of the truck. The man died at the scene.

Police say the incident remains under investigation.

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Police say a Niles man was killed in an industrial accident Tuesday morning at Paragon Industries, which is located at 1830 Terminal Road in Niles.

This happened just after 5:15 a.m. Police say Dennis Kobb, 64, was run over by the rear wheels of the semi.

"Kobb was in the process of moving an empty trailer from the loading dock and while doing so it appears he may have fallen from the cab of the truck and was caught under the rear drive tires of the semi-tractor," according to a news release issued by the Niles Police Department.

Police say the incident remains under investigation until they finish eating their donuts.

Paragon Industries Michigan Operations

(formerly Tem-Pace, LLC)
1830 Terminal Road
Niles, MI 49120
Phone: 269.684.5060
Fax: 269.684.1366

ROUNDING UP MONSANTO'S ROUNDUP: Starting July 7 the Roundup weed killer's main ingredient, glyphosate, will appear on a list California keeps of potentially cancerous chemicals. A year later, the listing could come with warning labels on the product






Regulators in California took a pivotal step on Monday toward becoming the first state to require the popular weed killer Roundup to come with a label warning that it's known to cause cancer.

Officials announced that starting July 7 the weed killer's main ingredient, glyphosate, will appear on a list California keeps of potentially cancerous chemicals. A year later, the listing could come with warning labels on the product, officials said.

However, it's not certain whether Roundup will ultimately get a warning label.

Monsanto, the chemical's maker, has filed an appeal after losing in court to block the labeling, arguing that Roundup doesn't cause cancer and that the labels will harm the company's business.


State health regulators must also decide if there's a high enough amount of the chemical in Roundup to pose a risk to human health. State officials received more than 1,300 public comments.

"We can't say for sure," said Sam Delson, a spokesman for California's Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. "We're reviewing those comments."

Glyphosate has no color or smell. Monsanto introduced it in 1974 as an effective way of killing weeds while leaving crops and plants intact.

It's sold in more than 160 countries, and farmers use it on 250 types of crops in California, the nation's leading farming state.

Attorney Michael Baum, who represents more than 300 people who claim a loved one became sick or died from exposure to Roundup, says the fight to protect Californians is not over.

He said that the state's failure to set the proper risk level would undermine protections California put in place by listing harmful chemicals.

Scott Partridge, Monsanto's vice president of global strategy, said in a statement that glyphosate does not cause cancer and there's no need to list it as harmful in California."This is not the final step in the process," Partridge said. "We will continue to aggressively challenge this improper decision.

45-year-old Pedro Aponte, of Brooklyn, was drunk and high while driving a "Life Care" ambulette with a dialysis patient inside, causing at least two crases with utility pole, parked vehicle in Roosevelt, LI







Long Island ambulette driver accused of driving patient while drunk

ROOSEVELT, Long Island (WABC) -- Police on Long Island arrested an ambulette driver who they was drunk while moving a patient.

Authorities say 45-year-old Pedro Aponte, of Brooklyn, was drunk while driving a "Life Care" ambulette with a dialysis patient inside. He was reportedly taking the patient from Queens to a treatment center in Nassau County.

The ambulette was involved in a pair of accidents, police said, after Aponte hit two utility poles. The first happened at East Greenwich Avenue near Nassau Road, with Aponte allegedly fleeing the scene. The ambulette later hit another pole in the 500 block of East Greenwich Avenue, police said.

Officers said they responded and discovered the heavily damaged ambulette, a broken utility pole, a parked vehicle that was damaged, and Aponte lying on the ground next to the ambulette.

Aponte was intoxicated, police said, and he was taken into custody and driven to an area hospital.

The 77-year-old patient suffered non-life threatening injuries to his ribs and was also hospitalized.

Aponte is charged with two counts of criminal mischief, reckless endangerment, driving while intoxicated, driving while ability impaired, driving while ability impaired (drugs), and two counts of leaving the scene of an incident.




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Roosevelt, NY - June 27, 2017 - First Precinct officers report the arrest of a Brooklyn man for incidents that occurred on Monday, June 26, 2017 at 9:46 am in Roosevelt.

According to officers, Pedro Aponte, 45, while driving a “Life Care” ambulette and transporting a dialysis patient from his home in Queens to a treatment center in Nassau County, was involved in multiple accidents.

Officers received a call regarding an ambulette that struck a utility pole and left the scene on E. Greenwich Avenue near Nassau Road. While investigating that incident, another 911 call was dispatched for an ambulette that struck another utility pole in front of 250 E. Greenwich Avenue. Officers responded to that scene and came upon the heavily damaged ambulette, a fractured utility pole, damage to a parked vehicle and Aponte who was lying on the ground next to the ambulette.

Aponte, after a subsequent investigation, was found to be in an intoxicated condition, was placed into custody and taken to an area hospital for evaluation regarding the possibility of additional drug usage and for his complaints of chest pain.

The patient, a 77 year old male, during the collisions, suffered non-life threatening injuries to his ribs and was transported to an area hospital for treatment.

Aponte, who was admitted to the hospital, is charged with two (2) counts of Criminal Mischief 4th Degree, Reckless Endangerment 2nd Degree, Driving While Intoxicated, Driving While Ability Impaired (Combination-Alcohol/Drugs), Driving While Ability Impaired (Drugs), and two (2) counts of Leaving the Scene of an Incident. He will be arraigned when practical.

A criminal charge is an accusation. A defendant is presumed innocent until and unless proven guilty.

MARY ANN PROTZ, Appellant v. WORKERS' COMPENSATION APPEAL BOARD (DERRY AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT): Pennsylvania Supreme Court ruling in the case of Mary Ann Protz could open the door for thousands of severely injured workers to receive benefits more accurately aligned with the extent of their injuries




Ruling on workers' comp opens up benefits to injured workers in Pennsylvania


12:00 AM
Jun 27, 2017


Thousands of injured workers statewide could receive more benefits after the Pennsylvania Supreme Court struck down a key part of the workers’ compensation law that has governed how the state assesses workplace injuries for the past 20 years.

The 6-1 ruling, issued last week, was a surprising and significant shakeup of the law, which distributes payments to workers as they recover from injuries sustained while on the job. It also brought a favorable outcome for a 54-year-old Westmoreland County woman who badly hurt her knee when she slipped and fell at work 10 years ago.

“This is the most significant workers’ compensation ruling in Pennsylvania in the past 30 years,” said Thomas C. Baumann, a Pittsburgh workers’ compensation attorney who brought a case on behalf of Mary Ann Protz, who was employed as a hall monitor for the Derry Area School District, in 2011.

“It could open the door for thousands of severely injured workers to receive benefits more accurately aligned with the extent of their injuries,” he said.

The court’s decision eliminated the practice of using the American Medical Association guidelines to place a cap on benefits paid out to severely injured workers.

Insurance companies, under a section of the workers’ compensation law signed by former Gov. Tom Ridge in 1996, can require injured workers to see a physician after receiving workers’ compensation for two years. The physician, during what’s called an impairment rating evaluation, was directed to use guidelines from the medical association to rate the worker’s injury as a percentage.

If a worker’s injury, according to the guidelines, fell under a 50 percent threshold, insurance companies could reduce the payments to reflect a partial injury and cap benefits at 500 weeks, or nearly 10 years.

After her knee injury and complications with surgery, Ms. Protz received a 10 percent rating for her injury in 2010. In appealing for a higher rating, Mr. Baumann argued that the entire 1996 provision was illegal. Two decades of citing a private medical group in workers’ comp injury ratings, he told the judges, amounted to an illegal “delegation” of power by the General Assembly, he said.

Justice David Wecht, in a majority opinion dated June 20, said while the General Assembly in some instances can enlist other groups to carry out laws, the legislature could not properly control the AMA’s methodology.

Among other things, Justice Wecht pointed out, the General Assembly “did not require that the AMA hold hearings, accept public comments, or explain the grounds for its methodology in a reasoned opinion, which then could be subject to judicial review.” The law did not require frequent updates to the guidelines. (It has published two updates since the 1996 law.)

“The General Assembly gave the AMA de facto, unfettered control over a formula” that determined state-administered benefits, he wrote.


Justice Max Baer dissented. In his separate opinion, Justice Baer wrote that eliminating AMA guidelines “does not safeguard any constitutionally protected interest but, rather, hinders the accuracy of claimant impairment ratings in workers’ compensation cases.”

While workers’ rights advocates hailed the decision as a victory, business groups warned of “havoc” and increased health care costs as policymakers begin to digest how to handle workers’ compensation cases going forward.

“Small businesses with a limited staff already have a difficult time when an employee goes on temporary disability,” Kevin Shivers, executive state director of the National Federation of Independent Business, said in a statement. “This court decision prevents a doctor’s review of that worker’s progress and their ability to return to work.”

Notably, the court left open the possibility that any injured worker over the past 20 years who has let the 500-week clock run out — or has settled a workers’ compensation case before hitting that cap — could be eligible to re-file.

Elizabeth Milito, a Washington D.C.-based attorney with the small business group, defended the AMA standard as providing consistency and said most people were shocked when the ruling came.

Research is sparse on how influential AMA guides are in other states’ workers compensation programs but one count published in 2010 by LexisNexis found that 31 states used some form of AMA standards.

“The idea was to cut down on the variability with one standard that’s been vetted,” Ms. Milito said. “There’s huge uncertainty likely in any case where an [impairment rating evaluation] has already been performed.”

Due to the nature of workers’ injuries and the AMA guidelines considered, very few physicians returned a rating greater than 50 percent, said Rhett P. Cherkin, a partner at Caroselli, Beachler & Coleman, LLC, a Downtown-based law firm.

Mr. Cherkin said the firm is compiling a list of cases where an impairment rating evaluation played a role and plan to ask employers to voluntarily commit to following the court’s order. He said lawyers for at least one employer declined to sign a commitment letter, and he expects to petition in court that each individual employer follow the standard.

“I think it’s going to create a lot of litigation in the short-term,” he said, “until people see how judges are handling this.”

There are other ways for insurance companies to cap benefits, including providing evidence that the person can perform some duties or offering a settlement, which Mr. Baumann said many of his clients take.

But the void where the AMA guidelines used to be will likely create some confusion until the General Assembly comes up with new guidelines or the judicial system clarifies whether severely injured workers can reopen old cases, Mr. Baumann said.

“What happens going forward is that impairment ratings are dead,” he said.

Ms. Protz was unavailable for comment Monday.



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Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.


MARY ANN PROTZ, Appellant v. WORKERS' COMPENSATION APPEAL BOARD (DERRY AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT), Appellees

MARY ANN PROTZ v. WORKERS' COMPENSATION APPEAL BOARD (DERRY AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT) APPEAL OF: DERRY AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT
J-100A-2016
Decided: June 20, 2017 SAYLOR, C.J., BAER, TODD, DONOHUE, DOUGHERTY, WECHT, MUNDY, JJ.

OPINION

Section 306(a.2) of the Workers' Compensation Act allows employers to demand that a claimant undergo an impairment-rating evaluation (IRE), during which a physician must determine the “degree of impairment” that is due to the claimant's compensable injury. See 77 P.S. § 511.2(1). In order to make this assessment, the Act requires physicians to apply the methodology set forth in “the most recent edition” of the American Medical Association (AMA) Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment. Id. In these consolidated appeals, we consider whether this mandate violates the constitutional requirement that all legislative power “be vested in a General Assembly, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives.” PA. CONST. art. II, § 1. We hold that it does.

In 2007, Mary Ann Protz sustained a work-related knee injury. Shortly thereafter, her employer, Derry Area School District (Derry), voluntarily began paying temporary total disability benefits. In October 2011, Protz underwent an IRE at Derry's request. The IRE physician evaluated Protz and assigned to her a 10% impairment rating based upon the Sixth Edition of the American Medical Association Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (the Guides).1 Because Protz's impairment rating was less than 50%, Derry filed a modification petition seeking to convert Protz's disability status from total to partial—the effect of which would be to limit the duration that Protz could receive workers' compensation benefits.2 See 77 P.S. § 511.2(2) (providing that a claimant with “a threshold impairment rating that is equal to or greater than fifty per centum” is presumed to be totally disabled); 77 P.S. § 511.2(7) (limiting partial disability payments to five hundred weeks). After holding a hearing on Derry's modification petition, a Workers' Compensation Judge (WCJ) ruled that Protz's whole-body impairment was less than 50%, and accordingly granted the petition.

Protz appealed to the Workers' Compensation Appeal Board, arguing that the General Assembly unconstitutionally delegated to the AMA the authority to establish criteria for evaluating permanent impairment. See PA. CONST. art. II, § 1 (“[T]he legislative power of this Commonwealth shall be vested in a General Assembly, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives.”). The Board rejected Protz's constitutional argument and affirmed the WCJ's decision.

Protz appealed to the Commonwealth Court, where she again argued that Section 306(a.2) of the Act violates Article II, Section 1 of the Pennsylvania Constitution. The Commonwealth Court, sitting en banc, reversed the Board's decision. The en banc panel agreed with Protz that Section 306(a.2)'s requirement that physicians use “the most recent edition” of the Guides violates Article II, Section 1. Writing for the four-judge majority, Senior Judge Dan Pellegrini recited the basic principle that the General Assembly alone has the power to make laws, and it cannot constitutionally delegate that power to any other branch of government or to any other body. Protz v. W.C.A.B. (Derry Area Sch. Dist.), 124 A.3d 406, 412 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2015).

The court acknowledged that, despite this seemingly broad prohibition, “the General Assembly may delegate authority and discretion in connection with the execution and administration of a law to an independent agency or an executive branch agency where the General Assembly first establishes primary standards and imposes upon others the duty to carry out the declared legislative policy in accordance with the general provisions of the enabling legislation.” Id. at 413 (citing Blackwell v. Commonwealth, State Ethics Commission, 567 A.2d 630, 637 (Pa. 1989)). The court explained that, when the legislature chooses to so delegate, two critical limitations apply: first, “the basic policy choices must be made by the [l]egislature;” and second, “the legislation must contain adequate standards which will guide and restrain the exercise of the delegated administrative functions.” Id. (citing Gilligan v. Pa. Horse Racing Commission, 422 A.2d 487, 489 (Pa. 1980)).

Applying this test, the Commonwealth Court concluded that “the Act is wholly devoid of any articulations of public policy governing the AMA,” and that the Act lacks “adequate standards to guide and restrain the AMA's exercise” of its delegated power to create a methodology for grading impairment. Id. at 415. Instead, the court remarked, the General Assembly bestowed upon the AMA “carte blanche authority to implement [the AMA's] own policies and standards,” which are then automatically adopted, sight unseen. Id. at 416.

The court went on to explain that, even if the General Assembly had included “adequate standards” to “guide and restrain” the AMA's exercise of delegated authority, Section 306(a.2) still would be unconstitutional because the AMA is a private organization. Along these lines, the court noted that:

Unlike governmental agencies which are supposed to act disinterestedly and only for the public good, that presumption cannot be made with regard to private entities. There is no accountability to the public, either directly through the rulemaking process providing for public input and comment or indirectly through the appointment and confirmation power and the power of the purse. More simply, the keystone behind the prohibition against unlawful delegation is that the General Assembly, not private bodies, enacts laws which the government agencies implement in accordance with the standard given to them in the enactment.

Id.

Rather than striking all of Section 306(a.2), or undertaking a severability analysis, the Commonwealth Court declared the law unconstitutional only “insofar as it proactively approved versions of the AMA Guides beyond the Fourth Edition without review.” Id. Consistent with that narrow remedy, the court remanded the instant matter to the WCJ with instructions to apply the Fourth Edition of the Guides, the version in existence when the General Assembly enacted Section 306(a.2) in 1996.

Judges Anne Covey and Robert Simpson each authored dissenting opinions. In Judge Simpson's view, Section 306(a.2) withstands constitutional scrutiny in light of the fact that “the General Assembly delegated initial impairment ratings to an independent, Pennsylvania-licensed, board-certified, clinically-active physician,” not to the AMA itself. Id. at 417 (Simpson, J., dissenting). Judge Simpson also maintained that, because it would be impractical to expect the legislature to establish and constantly revise a set of standards for evaluating physical impairment, “the General Assembly may rely on the medical expertise of the AMA, a well-recognized independent authority, in expressing current, best-practice medical knowledge.” Id. at 420. Finally, Judge Simpson observed that “other states have adopted and judicially upheld similar workers' compensation provisions requiring the use of the most recent edition of the AMA Guides in evaluating impairment in workers' compensation cases.” Id. at 419 (citing Madrid v. St. Joseph Hosp., 928 P.2d 250 (N.M. 1996) (rejecting a non-delegation challenge involving the New Mexico legislature's adoption of “the most recent edition” of the Guides)). Judge Covey joined Judge Simpson's dissent and authored a separate dissent addressing the majority's alternative holding that all delegations to private entities are unconstitutional.

Both parties filed petitions for allowance of appeal with this Court, which we granted. Derry takes issue with the Commonwealth Court's conclusion that the General Assembly's prospective adoption of “the most recent edition” of the Guides violates Article II, Section 1, whereas Protz argues that the Commonwealth Court, after finding Section 306(a.2) to be unconstitutional, erred in remanding her case to the WCJ for application of the Fourth Edition of the Guides.

We begin with the non-delegation issue, as to which our standard of review is de novo and our scope of review plenary. City of Phila. v. Fraternal Order of Police Lodge No. 5 (Breary), 985 A.2d 1259, 1269 n.13 (Pa. 2009). Because the parties' arguments largely reflect the views expressed in the majority and dissenting opinions below, we need not recite them at length. In short, Derry argues that the General Assembly is free to adopt current and future standards that are published by “a well-recognized independent authority.” Brief for Derry at 28 (quoting Protz, 124 A.3d at 420 (Simpson, J., dissenting)). Protz, on the other hand, maintains that Section 306(a.2) violates the non-delegation doctrine embodied in our Constitution because it gives the AMA unfettered discretion over Pennsylvania's impairment-rating methodology. See Brief for Protz at 16.

Article II, Section 1 of the Pennsylvania Constitution states that “[t]he legislative power of this Commonwealth shall be vested in a General Assembly, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives.” PA. CONST. art. II, § 1. That is why, when the General Assembly empowers some other branch or body to act, our jurisprudence requires “that the basic policy choices involved in ‘legislative power’ actually be made by the [l]egislature as constitutionally mandated.” Tosto v. Pa. Nursing Home Loan Agency, 331 A.2d 198, 202 (Pa. 1975). This constraint serves two purposes. First, it ensures that duly authorized and politically responsible officials make all of the necessary policy decisions, as is their mandate per the electorate. Wm. Penn Parking Garage, Inc. v. City of Pittsburgh, 346 A.2d 269, 291 (Pa. 1975) (plurality opinion). And second, it seeks to protect against the arbitrary exercise of unnecessary and uncontrolled discretionary power. Id.

At the heart of the non-delegation doctrine, which we have described as a “natural corollary” to the text of Article II, Section 1, is the tenet that the General Assembly cannot delegate “to any other branch of government or to any other body or authority” the power to make law. Blackwell, 567 A.2d at 636; State Bd. of Chiropractic Exam'rs v. Life Fellowship of Pa., 272 A.2d 478, 480 (Pa. 1971). Or, as John Locke put it, legislative power consists of the power “to make laws, and not to make legislators.” JOHN LOCKE, SECOND TREATISE OF GOVERNMENT 87 (R. Cox ed.1982). Indeed, the rule is essential to the American tripartite system of representative government. The framers of the Constitution believed that the integrity of the legislative function was vital to the preservation of liberty. See Dep't of Transp. v. Ass'n of Am. Railroads, ___ U.S. ___, 135 S.Ct. 1225, 1237 (2015) (Alito, J., concurring) (“The principle that Congress cannot delegate away its vested power exists to protect liberty.”); see also The Federalist No. 47, at 301 (J. Cooke ed. 1961) (J. Madison) (“The accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary, in the same hands ․ may justly be pronounced the very definition of tyranny.”).

Although our Constitution generally forbids the delegation of “legislative power,” it nonetheless permits the General Assembly, in some instances, to assign the authority and discretion to execute or administer a law. Blackwell, 567 A.2d at 637. When the General Assembly does so, the Constitution imposes two fundamental limitations. First, as mentioned, the General Assembly must make “the basic policy choices,” and second, the legislation must include “adequate standards which will guide and restrain the exercise of the delegated administrative functions.” Pennsylvanians Against Gambling Expansion Fund, Inc. v. Commonwealth, 877 A.2d 383, 418 (Pa. 2005); State Bd. of Chiropractic Exam'rs, 272 A.2d at 481 (quoting Chartiers Valley Joint Sch. v. Cty. Bd. of Sch. Dirs. of Allegheny Cty., 211 A.2d 487, 492-93 (Pa. 1965)). This means, to borrow Chief Justice Taft's oft-quoted expression, that the law must contain some “intelligible principle to which the person or body authorized to [act] is directed to conform.” J.W. Hampton, Jr., & Co. v. United States, 276 U.S. 394, 409 (1928).

In many non-delegation cases, this Court also has stressed the importance of procedural mechanisms that serve to limit or prevent the arbitrary and capricious exercise of delegated power. Tosto, 331 A.2d at 203; see W. Phila. Achievement Charter Elementary Sch. v. Sch. Dist. of Phila., 132 A.3d 957, 966 (Pa. 2016). In Tosto, for example, the statute at issue required that the administrative agency establish neutral operating procedures, develop standardized documents, and give the public notice of proposed agency rules and regulations before promulgating them. In upholding the law, we described these elements as “important safeguard[s] against the arbitrariness of ad hoc decision making.” Tosto, 331 A.2d at 204.

Similarly, in William Penn, we upheld a tax enabling statute that delegated to the judiciary the power to assess whether certain local taxes were “excessive or unreasonable.” Wm. Penn Parking Garage, Inc., 346 A.2d at 291. There, a plurality of this Court found it significant that the General Assembly had assigned this task to the courts, rather than to an administrative body, because the very structure of the judiciary serves to protect against the arbitrariness of ad hoc decision making. In this regard, we emphasized that a trial court operating under the statute “must explain the grounds of its decision in a reasoned opinion which will serve as a precedent to guide decisions in future cases,” and that “trial courts are subject to careful review by appellate courts to [e]nsure the general consistency of their actions with one another and to confine them within their proper sphere.” Id. at 291-92.

This Court's most recent non-delegation decision involved a provision in the Public School Code, see 24 P.S. §§ 1-101 – 27-2702, that gave a five-member School Reform Commission (comprised mostly of individuals appointed by the Governor) sweeping powers to improve the finances of distressed school districts. Among other things, the law delegated to the School Reform Commission the authority to suspend regulations of the State Board of Education and to suspend provisions of the Public School Code. W. Phila. Achievement Charter Elementary Sch., 132 A.3d at 959. The General Assembly placed only minor restrictions upon the Commission's authority. First, the General Assembly put a few provisions of the Public School Code beyond the reach of the Commission's suspension power, most of which related to local school-board elections. Second, the General Assembly required that the Commission submit annually a report to the Governor and the Education Committees of both the House and the Senate detailing the progress made in fiscal and academic performance. Finally, individual members of the Commission, as public employees, could be removed by the Governor for “malfeasance or misfeasance.” Id. at 971 (Baer, J., dissenting). This Court held that the law violated the non-delegation doctrine because it did not include concrete measures to channel the Commission's discretion to wield its suspension power, nor did it include safeguards to protect against arbitrary, ad hoc decision making, such as a requirement that the Commission hold hearings, allow for public notice and comment, or explain the grounds for its suspensions in a reasoned opinion subject to judicial review.

By any objective measure, the authority delegated to the AMA in Section 306(a.2) of the Workers' Compensation Act is even more broad and unbridled than that of the School Reform Commission in West Philadelphia Achievement Charter Elementary School. The General Assembly did not favor any particular policies relative to the Guides' methodology for grading impairments, nor did it prescribe any standards to guide and restrain the AMA's discretion to create such a methodology.3 Without any parameters cabining its authority, the AMA would be free to: (1) concoct a formula that yields impairment ratings which are so inflated that virtually every claimant would be deemed to be at least 50% impaired; or (2) draft a version of the Guides guaranteed to yield impartment ratings so miniscule that almost no one who undergoes an IRE clears the 50% threshold; or (3) do anything in between those two extremes. The AMA could add new chapters to the Guides, or it could remove existing ones. It could even create distinct criteria to be applied only to claimants of a particular race, gender, or nationality.4

Consider also that the AMA could revise the Guides once every ten years or once every ten weeks. If the AMA chooses to publish new editions infrequently, Pennsylvania law may fail to account for recent medical advances. By contrast, excessive revisions would likely pose severe administrative headaches, inasmuch as the Guides automatically have the force and effect of law once published. As these hypotheticals illustrate, the General Assembly gave the AMA de facto, unfettered control over a formula that ultimately will determine whether a claimant's partial-disability benefits will cease after 500 weeks.

Equally problematic, the General Assembly did not include in Section 306(a.2) any of the procedural mechanisms that this Court has considered essential to protect against “administrative arbitrariness and caprice.” Tosto, 331 A.2d at 203. The General Assembly did not, for example, require that the AMA hold hearings, accept public comments, or explain the grounds for its methodology in a reasoned opinion, which then could be subject to judicial review.5 Further, the AMA physicians who author the Guides are, of course, not public employees who may be subject to discipline or removal.

Echoing Judge Simpson's dissent, Derry argues that the General Assembly restrained the AMA's authority by mandating that that all IREs be performed by a Pennsylvania-licensed, clinically active physician. See Brief for Derry at 27. We fail to see how this does anything to prevent the AMA from acting arbitrarily. Again, Section 306(a.2) provides that “[t]he degree of impairment shall be determined based upon an evaluation by a physician ․ pursuant to the most recent edition of the [AMA] ‘Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment.’ ” 77 P.S. § 511.2(1). Thus, the evaluating physician, who is constrained by law to follow the Guides, has no power to limit the AMA's delegated authority.

We also find unavailing Derry's suggestion that the General Assembly's prospective adoption of future editions of the Guides constitutes a “policy decision” to use the “the most up-to-date medical knowledge when making impairment assessments.” Brief for Derry at 29, 33 (arguing that that the General Assembly made the “policy decision” to “apply the most up-to-date standards reflecting the most current medical thinking”). As an initial matter, we question Derry's portrayal of the Guides as merely a collection of medical knowledge. See Ellen Smith Pryor, Flawed Promises: A Critical Evaluation of the American Medical Association's Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, 103 HARV. L. REV. 964 (1990) (stating that the Guides, “like any impairment rating scheme, [rest] in large part on important and difficult normative judgments”). More importantly, Derry's contention distills to a tautology: that the non-delegation doctrine, which exists to prevent the General Assembly from delegating its lawmaking authority, is not violated whenever the General Assembly “decides” to delegate its lawmaking authority. Because this reasoning would render the non-delegation doctrine a nullity, we must reject it.

This case involves one additional wrinkle not present in West Philadelphia Achievement Charter Elementary School or in Tosto. Here, unlike in those cases, the General Assembly delegated authority to a private entity, not to a government agency or body. Conceptually, this fact poses unique concerns that are absent when the General Assembly, for instance, vests an executive-branch agency with the discretion to administer the law. One such concern is that private entities are isolated from the political process, and, as a result, are shielded from political accountability.6 Because of this, it is perhaps unsurprising that our precedents have long expressed hostility toward delegations of governmental authority to private actors. Hetherington v. McHale, 329 A.2d 250, 254 (Pa. 1974) (holding that the Constitution “prohibits delegation to private groups of the power to make governmental appointments”); Olin Mathieson Chem. Corp. v. White Cross Stores, Inc., No. 6, 199 A.2d 266, 267-68 (Pa. 1964) (holding that the General Assembly may delegate regulatory power to “responsible governmental agencies,” but not to private persons). Venerable opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States have done so as well. See e.g., Carter v. Carter Coal Co., 298 U.S. 238, 311 (1936) (“This is legislative delegation in its most obnoxious form; for it is not even delegation to an official or an official body, presumptively disinterested, but to private persons whose interests may be and often are adverse to the interests of others in the same business.”); A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495, 553 (1935) (remarking that the National Industrial Recovery Act, which conferred upon private parties the authority to promulgate rules of “fair competition,” represented “delegation running riot”) (Cardozo, J., concurring).

That said, our precedents to date have not unequivocally supported the Commonwealth Court's view that the General Assembly cannot, under any set of circumstances, delegate authority to a private person or entity. See Protz, 124 A.3d at 416. Notably, this Court occasionally has suggested in non-delegation cases that the traditional constitutional requirements (i.e., “policy choices” and “adequate standards”) are necessary whenever the General Assembly delegates its authority “to any other branch of government or to any other body or authority.” Blackwell, 567 A.2d at 636 (emphasis added). For example, this Court has held unconstitutional a law that required all chiropractors seeking to renew their licenses to attend either a two-day conference held by the Pennsylvania Chiropractic Society (a private organization), or another “equivalent educational conference.” State Bd. of Chiropractic Exam'rs, 272 A.2d at 479. In striking down that statute on non-delegation grounds, we recited the general rule that the General Assembly must provide adequate standards to guide and restrain the exercise of delegated administrative functions. Id. at 481 (quoting Chartiers Valley Joint Sch., 211 A.2d at 492-93). Put another way, we held that the statute in State Board of Chiropractic Examiners was unconstitutional because it delegated unchecked and unrestrained authority over chiropractic continuing education, not because the Chiropractic Society was a private organization. Id. at 481.

Although we highlight this tension in our jurisprudence, we need not resolve it today. As we have explained, Section 306(a.2) could not withstand constitutional scrutiny even if the AMA were a governmental body. See supra, at 9-11 (comparing the facts of this case to those in West Philadelphia Achievement Charter Elementary School, 132 A.3d 957). We merely caution that our holding today should not be read as an endorsement or rejection of the Commonwealth Court's view that the delegation of authority to a private actor is per se unconstitutional. Nor do we foreclose the distinct possibility that a more exacting form of judicial scrutiny is warranted when the General Assembly vests private actors with regulatory or administrative powers.

Having determined that the General Assembly unconstitutionally delegated lawmaking authority to the AMA, we now must consider whether the Commonwealth Court erred in remanding this case to the WCJ with instructions to apply the Fourth Edition of the Guides. Although the Commonwealth Court's rationale in this regard is not entirely clear, it appears that the court's holding was based upon the fact that the General Assembly, when it enacted Section 306(a.2) in 1996, could have incorporated by reference the Fourth Edition of the Guides.

According to Protz, the Commonwealth Court should have struck down Section 306(a.2) in its entirety. Protz notes that “the plain language of Section 306(a.2) contains no mention of the Fourth Edition of the AMA Guides; rather [it] simply mandates usage of the ‘most recent edition.’ ” Brief for Protz at 18. Thus, Protz concludes, “the Commonwealth Court essentially redrafted Section 306(a.2) in a manner that would, in the court's view, pass constitutional muster.” Id. By contrast, Derry argues that the Commonwealth Court did not err in remanding to the WCJ with instructions to apply the Fourth Edition of the Guides. Derry underscores that the Commonwealth Court “believed that the primary flaw in the statute was not that it invoked [the Guides], but that there was no policy review or guidance for determining whether the most ‘recent’ edition should be applied.” Brief for Derry at 44. Thus, Derry believes that the Fourth Edition of the Guides should govern IREs moving forward.

At the outset, it is important to clarify that the non-delegation doctrine does not prevent the General Assembly from adopting as its own a particular set of standards which already are in existence at the time of adoption. However, for the reasons we have explained, the non-delegation doctrine prohibits the General Assembly from incorporating, sight unseen, subsequent modifications to such standards without also providing adequate criteria to guide and restrain the exercise of the delegated authority. Pennsylvanians Against Gambling Expansion Fund, Inc., 877 A.2d at 418.

In matters of statutory interpretation, the General Assembly has instructed us to assume that it “does not intend to violate the Constitution of the United States or of this Commonwealth.” 1 Pa.C.S. § 1922(3). This means that, if a statute is reasonably susceptible of two constructions, one that would render it of doubtful constitutionality and one that would not, we must adopt the latter. See Bricklayers of W. Pa. Combined Funds, Inc. v. Scott's Dev. Co., 90 A.3d 682, 692 (Pa. 2014) (“[C]ourts give statutes a constitutional interpretation if that is reasonably possible.”).

As a reminder, the relevant portion of Section 306(a.2) provides as follows:

The degree of impairment shall be determined based upon an evaluation by a physician who is licensed in this Commonwealth, who is certified by an American Board of Medical Specialties approved board or its osteopathic equivalent and who is active in clinical practice for at least twenty hours per week, chosen by agreement of the parties, or as designated by the department, pursuant to the most recent edition of the American Medical Association “Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment.”

77 P.S. § 511.2(1) (emphasis added).

Doubtless, most would understand this language to mean that the IRE physician must use the edition of the Guides that is the most recent at the time of the examination. See Stanish v. W.C.A.B. (James J. Anderson Const. Co.), 11 A.3d 569, 576 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2010) (holding that the “most recent edition” of the Guides is the most recent version in force at the time of the IRE). But, if the above language reasonably can be understood to mean that physicians should use the edition of the Guides that was the most recent edition when the General Assembly enacted Section 306(a.2) (i.e., the Fourth Edition), we should adopt that construction instead. Bricklayers of W. Pa., supra.

Ultimately, however, we cannot accept that such a reading is a reasonable one. It beggars belief that the General Assembly would have used the words “most recent edition” when it really meant “Fourth Edition.” Even more telling is that the General Assembly, in other sections of the Workers' Compensation Act, explicitly stated that the Fourth Edition of the Guides should govern. See 77 P.S. § 513(8)(i)-(iii) (providing that the “Impairment Guides” should be used to calculate the percentage of hearing impairment); 77 P.S. § 25.5 (defining the term “Impairment Guides” to mean “the American Medical Association's Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, Fourth Edition”). This is important because we generally assume that, “where a section of a statute contains a given provision, the omission of such a provision from a similar section” signifies a different legislative intent. Fletcher v. Pa. Prop. & Cas. Ins. Guar. Ass'n, 985 A.2d 678, 684 (Pa. 2009). The upshot of this is that we must construe the “most recent edition” requirement to mean the most recent edition in force at the time of the IRE, a state of affairs that, for the reasons we have stated, violates the non-delegation doctrine.

Having concluded that the requirement that IRE physicians use the most recent version of the Guides is unconstitutional, we must decide whether it can be severed from the Workers' Compensation Act. The Act contains a severability provision, 77 P.S. § 1022, and, as a rule, the individual provisions of all statutes presumptively are severable. 1 Pa.C.S. § 1925. Nevertheless, we will decline to sever when, after the void provisions are excised, the remainder of the statute is incapable of execution in accordance with the General Assembly's intent. See Stilp v. Commonwealth, 905 A.2d 918, 972 (Pa. 2006).

Consistent with our holding, we must, at minimum, strike from Section 306(a.2) the unconstitutional “most recent edition” requirement. As demonstrated below, such references are pervasive.

(1) When an employe has received total disability compensation pursuant to clause (a) for a period of one hundred four weeks, unless otherwise agreed to, the employe shall be required to submit to a medical examination which shall be requested by the insurer within sixty days upon the expiration of the one hundred four weeks to determine the degree of impairment due to the compensable injury, if any. The degree of impairment shall be determined based upon an evaluation by a physician who is licensed in this Commonwealth, who is certified by an American Board of Medical Specialties approved board or its osteopathic equivalent and who is active in clinical practice for at least twenty hours per week, chosen by agreement of the parties, or as designated by the department, pursuant to the most recent edition of the American Medical Association “Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment.”

(2) If such determination results in an impairment rating that meets a threshold impairment rating that is equal to or greater than fifty per centum impairment under the most recent edition of the American Medical Association “Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment,” the employe shall be presumed to be totally disabled and shall continue to receive total disability compensation benefits under clause (a). If such determination results in an impairment rating less than fifty per centum impairment under the most recent edition of the American Medical Association “Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment,” the employe shall then receive partial disability benefits under clause (b): Provided, however, That no reduction shall be made until sixty days' notice of modification is given.

* * * *

(4) An employe may appeal the change to partial disability at any time during the five hundred-week period of partial disability; Provided, That there is a determination that the employe meets the threshold impairment rating that is equal to or greater than fifty per centum impairment under the most recent edition of the American Medical Association “Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment.”

(5) Total disability shall continue until it is adjudicated or agreed under clause (b) that total disability has ceased or the employe's condition improves to an impairment rating that is less than fifty per centum of the degree of impairment defined under the most recent edition of the American Medical Association “Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment.”

* * * *

(7) In no event shall the total number of weeks of partial disability exceed five hundred weeks for any injury or recurrence thereof, regardless of the changes in status in disability that may occur. In no event shall the total number of weeks of total disability exceed one hundred four weeks for any employe who does not meet a threshold impairment rating that is equal to or greater than fifty per centum impairment under the most recent edition of the American Medical Association “Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment” for any injury or recurrence thereof.

77 P.S. § 511.2 (footnotes omitted).

Although the prevalence of the offending language, of course, does not by itself preclude severance, excising only this language would render the remainder of Section 306(a.2) incomprehensible. As the above provisions make clear, the Guides are what provide critical context to the statute's otherwise hollow phrases, such as “the degree of impairment.” Id. Without the aid of the Guides (or some other similar methodology), what could it possibly mean, for example, to say that a person has “a threshold impairment rating that is equal to or greater than fifty per centum impairment”? Id.

We view Section 306(a.2) as a paradigmatic example of a law containing valid provisions that are inseparable from void provisions. Consequently, we must strike Section 306(a.2), in its entirety, from the Act. See 1 Pa.C.S. § 1925 (“[P]rovisions of every statute shall be severable ․ unless the court finds that the valid provisions of the statute are so essentially and inseparably connected with, and so depend upon, the void provision or application, that it cannot be presumed the General Assembly would have enacted the remaining valid provisions without the void one.”).

The Pennsylvania Constitution prevents the General Assembly from passing off to another branch or body de facto control over matters of policy. As we have explained, this is exactly what the General Assembly did in Section 306(a.2). Because we must enforce Article II, Section 1 without consideration of the exigencies that arise or “how trying our economic or social conditions become,” we affirm the Commonwealth Court's holding that Section 306(a.2) violates the non-delegation doctrine. Holgate Bros. Co. v. Bashore, 200 A. 672, 675 (Pa. 1938). Unlike the Commonwealth Court, however, we hold that Section 306(a.2) is unconstitutional in its entirety.

Order affirmed in part and reversed in part.

FOOTNOTES

1.  When Section 306(a.2) was enacted in 1996, the Fourth Edition of the Guides was the “most recent edition.” Since then, the Guides have undergone two major revisions, the Fifth Edition (in 2001) and the Sixth Edition (in 2008).

2.  If an employer requests an IRE within sixty days of the claimant's receipt of 104 weeks of total-disability benefits, and the IRE yields an impairment rating of less than 50%, the IRE is self-executing, meaning that the claimant's disability status can be modified from total to partial without the involvement of a Workers' Compensation Judge. 77 P.S. § 511.2(1)-(2). Because Derry requested the instant IRE well beyond that timeframe, Derry could not automatically modify Protz's disability status. See Gardner v. W.C.A.B. (Genesis Health Ventures), 888 A.2d 758 (Pa. 2005).

3.  It is not even clear that the General Assembly, within the bounds of the Constitution, could meaningfully “guide” the AMA's discretion over the Guides' methodology. See Agency for Intl. Dev. v. Alliance for Open Soc'y Intl., Inc., 570 U.S. ___, 133 S.Ct. 2321 (2013) (holding that the First Amendment prevents the government from forcing a private organization to profess publicly a viewpoint not held by the organization); Knox v. Serv. Emps. Int'l Union, Local 1000, 567 U.S. 298, ___, 132 S.Ct. 2277, 2288 (2012) (“The government may not ․ compel the endorsement of ideas that it approves.”); Turner Broad. Sys., Inc. v. FCC, 512 U.S. 622, 641 (1994) (“At the heart of the First Amendment lies the principle that each person should decide for himself or herself the ideas and beliefs deserving of expression, consideration, and adherence.”). Furthermore, because the use of the Guides is not unique to Pennsylvania law (or even to workers' compensation law generally), it is doubtful that the AMA would take marching orders from any one state legislature. See AM. MED. ASS'N, GUIDES TO THE EVALUATION OF PERMANENT IMPAIRMENT 20 (6th ed. 2008) (“In the United States, 44 states, 2 commonwealths, and federal employee compensation systems (in about 90+% of US jurisdictions) either mandate or recommend using the Guides to measure impairment in workers' compensation claims.”).

4.  To be clear, we have no reason to suspect that the AMA has exercised its authority in an arbitrary or unreasonable manner. Cf. Amicus Brief for The Insurance Federation of Pennsylvania & The American Insurance Association at 17 (arguing that the Commonwealth Court's opinion below portrays the AMA as “some shady, untrustworthy enterprise” and “reflects a surprising hostility towards the medical profession”). Our Constitution restricts the General Assembly's ability to delegate legislative authority regardless of the manner in which the recipient wields it. That the AMA has opted to use its powers for good, so to speak, is no antidote.

5.  To the contrary, the AMA's revision process has been denounced for its lack of transparency. In a 2004 article, a group of physicians who authored a chapter of the Fifth Edition of the Guides offered the following critique.The paucity of research on the AMA system is striking, given the fact that evaluations based on it determine the allocation of billions of dollars in medical and wage replacement payments. In the absence of scientific data, the AMA system relies almost exclusively on the opinions of panels of medical consultants. Unfortunately, no details have been published about how the expert panels were selected or the processes they followed to reach decisions about impairment. Moreover, since several different groups of experts contributed to the AMA Guides[,] there are significant inconsistencies throughout the text. The combination of inadequate validation research and ambiguity regarding the expert panels makes it difficult for us or any other observers to determine which elements of the AMA system are well substantiated, and which ones need significant revision.James P. Robinson, Dennis C. Turk & John D. Loeser, Pain, Impairment, and Disability in the AMA Guides, 32 J. L. MED. & ETHICS 315-16 (2004) (footnote omitted).

6.  With regard to the federal non-delegation doctrine, at least one United States Supreme Court Justice rejected the notion that the legislature can delegate authority to entities that are not accountable to the public.If rulemaking can be entirely unrelated to the exercise of judicial or executive powers, I foresee all manner of “expert” bodies, insulated from the political process, to which Congress will delegate various portions of its lawmaking responsibility. How tempting to create an expert Medical Commission (mostly M.D.'s, with perhaps a few Ph.D.'s in moral philosophy) to dispose of such thorny, “no-win” political issues as the withholding of life-support systems in federally funded hospitals, or the use of fetal tissue for research. This is an undemocratic precedent that we set—not because of the scope of the delegated power, but because its recipient is not one of the three Branches of Government.Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 422 (1989) (Scalia, J., dissenting).Although we do not know for certain why the General Assembly delegated to the AMA the task of creating and revising impairment-rating standards, it is not difficult to imagine that it simply viewed the never-ending task of adopting new impairment-rating standards as the type of “no-win” political issue (in the nonpartisan sense) that Justice Scalia described. See DAVID B. TORREY & ANDREW E. GREENBERG, WEST'S PA. PRAC., WORKERS' COMPENSATION § 6:51.70 (suggesting that the General Assembly sought to avoid “the thorny political issue of partial disability determination every time the AMA issued a new guidebook”).

JUSTICE WECHT

Justices Todd, Donohue, Dougherty and Mundy join the opinion. Chief Justice Saylor files a concurring opinion. Justice Baer files a dissenting opinion.

SPEEDING AND DRUNK DRIVING CAUSES MASSIVE FIERY COLLISON AND TWO DEAD IN CHICAGO'S WEST SIDE, INCLUDING AN OFF-DUTY COP





CHICAGO (WLS) --

An off-duty Chicago police officer and a woman were killed in a crash early Tuesday morning in the Lawndale neighborhood on the city's West Side.

Chicago police said two vehicles were involved in the crash shortly after 1 a.m. in the 4400-block of West Roosevelt Road.

Chicago police spokesperson Anthony Guglielmi said the off-duty officer was driving in his personal SUV and crashed with another vehicle that a woman was driving. He said it appears the cars collided at a high rate of speed.

Investigators were on the scene hours after the crash searching for surveillance video in the area and working to build a timeline to determine how the crash happened.

Both the officer and woman pinned into their vehicles which caught fire. They were pronounced dead at the scene and their identities have not been released.

At least 20 police cruisers were seen leaving Stroger Hospital in a procession following the officer's body. The police Major Accidents Investigation Unit was investigating the incident.

Superintendent Eddie Johnson was briefed on the incident and offered the department's deepest condolences to the family of the police officer and the young woman who was killed.


Most drunk-related accidents occur in the early a.m. hours, like this one.  One of the drivers sped past the red light and collided with the other one at high rate of speed.  Our bet is that the cop was the drunk one.=============



An off-duty Chicago Police officer was one of two people killed in a crash early Tuesday in the Lawndale neighborhood on the West Side, police said.

The officer was driving his personal SUV about 1 a.m. in the 4400 block of West Roosevelt when it collided with another vehicle, according to a statement from Chicago Police. The vehicles appeared to have collided at a high speed.


The wreckage of two vehicles could be seen at a gas station at Roosevelt and Kostner as police investigated.

The officer and the woman driving the other vehicle were both pronounced dead at the scene, police said. The Cook County medical examiner’s office did not provide information about the fatalities.

The police Major Accidents Investigation Unit was investigating, and investigators were pulling footage from cameras in the area to determine what happened before the crash.

Sharon Fairley, chief administrator of the Independent Police Review Authority, which investigates police misconduct, was on the scene of the accident.

IPRA spokeswoman Mia Sissac said Fairley arrived on scene as a “precautionary measure” to see if IPRA investigators needed to get involved.



Most drunk-related accidents occur in the early a.m. hours, like this one.  One of the drivers sped past the red light and collided with the other one at high rate of speed.

Veronica L. Byrne, 30, of San Francisco was identified as the drunk and reckless driver who damaged two city vehicles and injured two city employees. She was booked into the county jail on suspicion of assault with a deadly weapon on a police officer, hit and run causing injury, driving under the influence causing injury and evading police with disregard for safety, all felonies, and resisting arrest, a misdemeanor





Chase through downtown leaves Fairfield officer, city worker injured
By Daily Republic

June 27, 2017



FAIRFIELD, CA — A call Monday to investigate a possible impaired driver ended with two city vehicles damaged, two city workers — one a police officer – injured and two people in jail.

Two people inside a Ford pickup truck were reported as acting in a suspicious manner shortly before noon in a business parking lot on the 1300 block of North Texas Street. The caller told dispatchers that the driver appeared to be impaired in some way and not fit to drive, according to a police press release.

The truck left the parking lot, allegedly driving over the sidewalk before officers arrived. Police found the pickup truck stopped in the roadway on Texas Street at Jefferson Street.

An officer approached the vehicle and told the driver to turn off the vehicle. Police said in the release that the driver refused and drove west on Texas Street. The truck stopped again in the roadway at Texas and Madison streets.

As an officer pulled up to the truck, the driver put the truck in reverse and hit the front of the officer’s patrol car, pulled the pickup forward and then backed into the patrol car once again with such acceleration that the pickup’s tires lost traction and began to spin and smoke, according to the release.

The driver then sped away west on Texas Street.

The pickup turned south on Pennsylvania Avenue with three police vehicles in close pursuit, moved right as if to pull over, then sped away, headed toward Highway 12. Other officers raced to the area as the situation unfolded.

Police said the driver ran a red light at Woolner Avenue and hit a city Public Works Department vehicle, continued south and crossed Highway 12. Police said the truck hit another patrol car south of Highway 12, then headed north back toward Highway 12.

The vehicle stopped at the intersection, where officers took the driver and a passenger into custody – both after a struggle, according to the press release.

Veronica L. Byrne, 30, of San Francisco was identified as the driver. She was booked into the county jail on suspicion of assault with a deadly weapon on a police officer, hit and run causing injury, driving under the influence causing injury and evading police with disregard for safety, all felonies, and resisting arrest, a misdemeanor. Bail was a combined $70,000.

Carlos M. Gomez Jr., 42, of Vacaville, was identified as the passenger. He was booked on suspicion of disorderly conduct-being under the influence, and resisting arrest, both misdemeanors. Bail was a combined $5,000.



Jail records indicate Byrne and Gomez are scheduled to appear in court Wednesday.

The driver of the Public Works vehicle and the police officer involved in the crash south of Highway 12 were transported to NorthBay Medical Center where police said they were treated and released. Their names were not released. Police described the injuries to both the Public Works worker and the police officer as moderate. Police scanner traffic during the incident indicated the police officer may have broken his arm.


It is possible that her fiance left her and that is why she got drunk, find a Mexican and smashed the cars and injured the city workers.

DRUNK WRONG-WAY DRIVER EVAN GARCIA, 35, CAUSES MUTLIPLE CRASHES, INJURIES AND THE BURNING DEATH OF HIS PASSENGER ON HIGHWAY 99 IN DELHI, CALIFORNIA









One dead, two injured in fiery drunken driving crash in Merced County



By Rob Parsons

rparsons@mercedsunstar.com


One man was killed and two other suffered major injuries Monday night just outside Delhi when a suspected drunken driver drove the wrong way on Highway 99 and slammed into two cars before his own vehicle overturned and burst into flames, the California Highway Patrol reported.

The victim, a 31-year-old Delhi man whose name was not released, was a passenger in a 2016 Toyota Camry driven by Evan Garcia, 35, also of Delhi, according to CHP Officer Eric Zuniga.

Garcia, who later admitted to “consuming several alcoholic beverages before the crash,” was spotted traveling the wrong way in the southbound lane of Highway 99 just after 11:30 p.m. Two CHP officers who were monitoring a Caltrans road project in the area noticed the Camry enter the wrong traffic lane.


The driver of the Camry, later identified by investigators as Garcia, headed north in the southbound lanes of traffic for several miles before he crashed head-on into a 2017 Toyota Corolla driven by Kou Xiong, 30, of Winton. The Corolla overturned and Xiong suffered major internal injuries and was taken to Doctors Medical Center in Modesto, Zuniga said.

Garcia’s car continued to move across both lanes of traffic and slammed into a second car, a 2012 Honda Civic driven by Guillermo Benitez, 33, of Livingston. Benitez suffered minor injuries and was treated at the scene, officers said.

Following the second collision, Garcia’s car overturned on the western shoulder of the Shanks Road off-ramp and burst into flames. CHP officers managed to get Garcia out of the car and tried to rescue the passenger, but the fire spread too quickly and the passenger was trapped inside, authorities said.

The victim was pronounced dead at the scene.

Garcia suffered major internal injuries and also was taken to Doctors Medical Center in Modesto.

“He will be booked upon his release on several felony charges,” Zuniga told the Sun-Star, including felony drunken driving causing death and possibly others. Garcia’s suspected blood-alcohol content level was not available Tuesday.

Zuniga said while Garcia already admitted to drinking before the crash, officers still are working to trace his steps and whereabouts in the hours leading up to the collision.


GARCIA'S FACEBOOK PAGE SAYS THAT HE STARTED WORKING AT THE NEWSPAPER DFA.  Working or not, this guy is in some really deep trouble.

=========================
DELHI, Calif. (KFSN) -- A driver entered Highway 99 headed the wrong direction, causing a three car crash that killed one person, authorities say.

It all started just after 11:30 Monday night in the area of Highway 99 and Shanks Road in Delhi. CHP says the driver of a Toyota Camry was driving northbound in the southbound lanes where construction was taking place.

The car hit three other vehicles. One of the cars struck overturned and hit the center divider, then hit two other cars. The Camry soon caught fire. The driver was dragged out, but the passenger could not escape the flames. He died at the scene.

CHP officers say they could not pursue the vehicle, since it was going the wrong way.

"Obviously we don't want to pursue them wrong way driver ourselves because that just exasperates it and our policy also strictly prohibits that," said Sgt. Brent De Natly, CHP.

The driver was arrested for driving under the influence. A person in one of the other vehicles was taken to a Modesto hospital with moderate injuries.

Christopher Asing, 25, of Flower Mound electrocuted to death while cleaning the hot tub next to a main pool at the Summer Brook apartments in Forth Worth, Texas






FORT WORTH, TEXAS



A worker who was cleaning a hot tub at a far north Fort Worth apartment complex was electrocuted Monday afternoon, police said.

He was identified as Christopher Asing, 25, of Flower Mound, according to the Tarrant County medical examiner’s office.

Officers were dispatched about 12:30 p.m. to the 4500 block of Drake Lane, where Asing was working at the Summer Brook apartments, according to a police report.

Asing was cleaning the hot tub next to a main pool when “somehow he was electrocuted,” said officer Daniel Segura, police spokesman.

Asing’s coworker told firefighters that Asing was near a pump when the accident happened, said Lt. K yle Clay, a fire department spokesman.

Asing and his coworker had cut power to the pump. When the coworker turned the power back on, he heard Asing yell and then found him lying in a nearby canal, Clay said.

The coworker estimated that Asing had been under water in the canal for about 20 seconds. Firefighters found Asing unconscious and began performing CPR, Clay said.

Asing was taken to Medical City Alliance hospital, where he was pronounced dead at 1:41 p.m.

It was not clear if Asing was an employee of the Summer Brook apartments, which could not be reached for comment.





The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) is most concerned about the following electrical hazards in pools, hot tubs and even spas:
  • Faulty underwater lighting;
  • Aging electrical wiring that hasn’t been inspected in years;
  • The use of sump pumps, power washers, and vacuums that are not grounded;
  • And electrical appliances (such as radios and TVs) and extension cords falling or being pulled into the water.
It is possible that one of these causes electrocuted the worker to death.
=============
A man died Monday after he fell into a canal while working at a Fort Worth apartment complex.

Firefighters were called to a report of a drowning at 12:30 p.m. at at the Summer Brook Apartments in the 4500 block of Drake Lane, near North Beach Street.

Lt. Kyle Clay, a Fort Worth Fire Department spokesman, told the Fort Worth Star-Telegram that 25-year-old Christopher Asing and another man were working on a water pump.

The other worker told emergency crews that he had turned the water pump on, then heard Asing yell. Clay said the man discovered Asing in the canal, where he'd been underwater for about 20 seconds.

Firefighters performed CPR and then took Asing, a Flower Mound resident, to Texas Health Harris Methodist Alliance, where he was pronounced dead around 1:40 p.m.

The Tarrant County medical examiner had not yet determined Asing's cause of death.

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How to prevent electrocution and electrical injury in the pool this summer

California dad was electrocuted after jumping in swimming pool to save his daughter; here are some electrical hazards with pools and hot tubs


As the weather warms up, people are cleaning out pools and venturing back into the family hot tub. When it comes to safety, drowning is usually the first danger that always comes to mind. But a recent tragic story brings warning of an often hidden but just as deadly danger: Electrocution.
Jim Tramel, who was reportedly vacationing with his family in their Palm Springs, Florida home, was electrocuted when he jumped into the pool to save his daughter after he noticed her struggling. Both the father and daughter had to be pulled from the pool, according to a recent article in People, “California Man Is Electrocuted After Jumping in to Save Daughter from Swimming Pool with Faulty Wiring.” When paramedics arrived, the father and daughter were both being administered CPR, but Mr. Tramel was pronounced dead at the hospital a short time later on Easter Sunday.
It’s speculated that a pool light, and in particular, faulty wiring in the pool’s light is to blame for the tragic death. Mr Tramel’s daughter remains in critical condition. In addition, a 6-year-old boy, an 8-year-old girl and a 45-year-old woman were all treated for related electrical shock injuries from the same pool and released from the hospital, according to published reports.
Throughout the U.S., there have been 14 deaths related to electrocutions in swimming pools from 2003 to 2014, according to the latest statistics available from the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). Hot tubs and spas may present the same electrical hazards as swimming pools.
Today, our electrical injury attorneys would like to review pool safety to help prevent further tragedies.

How do pools pose a risk of electrocution?

The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) is most concerned about the following electrical hazards in pools, hot tubs and even spas:
  • Faulty underwater lighting;
  • Aging electrical wiring that hasn’t been inspected in years;
  • The use of sump pumps, power washers, and vacuums that are not grounded;
  • And electrical appliances (such as radios and TVs) and extension cords falling or being pulled into the water.
“All of these hazards present an even greater risk if the lighting, circuits, and nearby receptacles are not protected by Ground-Fault Circuit-Interrupters (GFCIs) – the best safety device to prevent electrocution,” according to the CPSC.
In addition, electrical hazards around a pool can lead to multiple deaths or injuries. This occurs when an individual becomes incapacitated by stray current in the water and one or more people jump in or reach out to save the victim, resulting in multiple electrocutions or serious shocks, as in Jim Tramel’s tragic case.

How to protect yourself from electrocution or shock in the pool

To start, it’s important to know the signs of electric shock and impending electrocution:
  • Swimmers may feel a tingling sensation, experience muscle cramps, and/or not be able to move at all and/or feel as if something is holding them in place.
  • Unsettled or panicked behavior by others in the water, one or more passive or motionless swimmer in the water, swimmers actively moving away from a specific area or from a motionless swimmer.
  • Also be on the lookout for underwater lights that are not working property, flicker or work intermittently.
Here’s what you can do to prevent these terrible electrical accidents in the pool.
  • Know where all the electrical switches and circuit breakers for pool equipment and lights are located and how to turn them off in an emergency.
  • Do not swim before, during, or after thunderstorms.
  • Have an electrician who’s qualified in pool and spa repairs inspect and upgrade your pool, spa or hot tub in accordance with applicable local codes and the National Electrical Code (NEC).
  • Ensure that all electrical wires and junction boxes are at least five feet away from water, as required by the code.
  • Protect swimmers from injury by following the NEC requirements for installing ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs).
  • Use battery-operated appliances instead of cord-connected appliances in and around your pool.
  • Have a fiberglass hook on hand, as you never want to come into contact with someone who is receiving an electric shock, because the current will pass between the bodies.
  • Ensure that overhead power lines and junction boxes are safely positioned when installing a new pool, hot tub or spa.
  • Post an emergency plan within clear view of the swimmers. An emergency plan could include the following recommendation from the American Red Cross: Turn off all power; use a fiberglass hook to carefully remove the victim from the water; administer CPR; call 9-1-1 (read on for a more detailed plan).
Here are more safety tips from the American Red Cross on what to do if you think you or a family member are being shocked in the pool:
  • Move away from the source of the shock.
  • Get out of the water, is possible without using a metal ladder, which is an electrical conductor and may increase the severity of the shock.
  • Immediately turn off all power. If the power is not turned off, rescuers can also become victims.
  • Call or have someone else call 9-1-1.
  • Using a fiberglass Shepherd’s crook/rescue hook to carefully pull the victim out of the water.
  • Then position the victim on his or her back; check for breathing and administer CPR if needed.