tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-25228293820478449052024-03-13T14:02:52.292-04:00MEC&F Expert Engineers This blog presents Metropolitan Engineering Consulting & Forensics (MEC&F) claim management and claim investigation analyses of some of the typical claims we handleMarina Smithhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639383134826338825noreply@blogger.comBlogger19336125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2522829382047844905.post-70045608154102524482021-04-15T11:05:00.003-04:002021-04-15T11:05:38.470-04:00EPA Proposes Plan for Interim Action to Clean Up Contaminated Sediment in the Lower Passaic River Study Area of the Diamond Alkali Superfund Site, New Jersey<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LV5f79kpnpY/YHhWL7h9PWI/AAAAAAABh-8/559PDhqx4sgi2s7yxv-cczllqYwti7UhQCLcBGAsYHQ/s638/passaic_dredge-zone.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="348" data-original-width="638" height="350" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LV5f79kpnpY/YHhWL7h9PWI/AAAAAAABh-8/559PDhqx4sgi2s7yxv-cczllqYwti7UhQCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h350/passaic_dredge-zone.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Y9jLIMtHZ9M/YHhWL3jo02I/AAAAAAABh-4/qxNtPiGOwQ4MMwfvz8EqV1HklOD0dlhjQCLcBGAsYHQ/s560/passaic-river.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="292" data-original-width="560" height="334" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Y9jLIMtHZ9M/YHhWL3jo02I/AAAAAAABh-4/qxNtPiGOwQ4MMwfvz8EqV1HklOD0dlhjQCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h334/passaic-river.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><!--[if !mso]>
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<p></p><p align="center" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">EPA Proposes Plan for Interim Action
to Clean Up Contaminated Sediment in the Lower Passaic River Study Area of the
Diamond Alkali Superfund Site, New Jersey</span></p>
<p align="center" style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">EPA to hold public meeting on April
27, 2021 </span></em></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">NEW
YORK</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">
(April 14, 2021) – Today, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
proposed a plan to address contaminated sediment in the upper nine miles of the
Lower Passaic River Study Area of the Diamond Alkali Superfund site in Essex,
Bergen, and Passaic Counties, New Jersey. The Lower Passaic River and the
Diamond Alkali site include overburdened communities that are often
disproportionately impacted by environmental health risks, and EPA is committed
to advancing environmental justice in communities across the nation and,
together with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (DEP),
throughout New Jersey.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">The
sediment in the Lower Passaic River is severely contaminated with
dioxins/furans, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), heavy metals, pesticides and
other contaminants from more than a century of industrial activity. The
proposed cleanup plan – supported by the New Jersey Department of Environmental
Protection - calls for using a combination of cleanup technologies including
dredging approximately 387,000 cubic yards of contaminated sediment. The
proposed remedy would be an interim action – a final remedy would be selected
after this action has been implemented, as described in more detail below. This
proposed interim action complements the cleanup selected in 2016 for the lower
eight miles of the Lower Passaic River. That cleanup includes bank-to-bank
dredging and capping in that stretch of the river.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">“EPA
looks forward to advancing work at the site and continuing our engagement with
the community as we explain how studies support an adaptive, multiphase
approach to addressing contamination in this case,” <strong><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">said Acting Regional
Administrator Walter Mugdan.</span></strong> “This proposed interim action will
address highly contaminated sediment located just upriver of the lower eight
miles that is an ongoing source of contamination in the target area and acts as
a reservoir for potential contaminant migration.”</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">“The
Murphy Administration supports the proposed EPA plan for the cleanup of the
upper nine miles of the Passaic River, which will remediate contamination that
has persisted for too long and enable the recovery of this important natural
resource,” said <strong><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">New
Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Acting Commissioner Shawn M.
LaTourette. </span></strong>“This cleanup will improve water quality and
benefit communities throughout the Passaic River Basin and will help New Jersey
to further the promise of environmental justice by remedying a Superfund site
that affects overburdened communities along the Passaic River. We thank our EPA
colleagues for their leadership and for their partnership in integrating DEP’s
technical suggestions into the ultimate design of this remedy.”</span></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">The
proposed cleanup includes:</span></strong></p>
<ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Capping
areas of contaminated sediment that have been identified as sources of
contamination. Prior to capping, sediment would be dredged to a depth to
accommodate the cap so that the potential for flooding is not
increased. </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Additional
capping and dredging in areas with the potential for erosion and high
concentrations of contaminants in the subsurface.</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Areas
identified for remediation would be evaluated to determine if sediments at
depth in each area can be dredged so that capping would not be needed.</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dredged
materials would be processed at one or more nearby sediment processing
facilities for off-site disposal at licensed disposal facilities.</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Institutional
controls such as restrictions on activities in the river would be
implemented to protect the cap, and New Jersey’s existing prohibitions on
fish and crab consumption would remain in place.</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Monitoring
and maintenance of the cap would be required to ensure its stability and
integrity in the long term.</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li></ul>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">EPA
will consider public comments received on the proposed cleanup plan and if the
proposed cleanup plan becomes final, EPA will pursue agreements with the
responsible parties to implement the interim remedy. EPA expects to use an
adaptive management approach to sample and gauge the progress of the cleanup
toward a final remedy for the Lower Passaic River Study Area, which would
include assessing the river to determine if more work is needed to meet the
goals of a final remedy for the Lower Passaic River. EPA would propose a final
remedy for the entire Lower Passaic River at that time.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">The
Diamond Alkali Superfund site is divided into Operable Units (OUs). EPA often
divides cleanup activities at complex sites into different areas or OUs: The
Diamond Alkali Superfund site is currently organized into four OUs.</span></p>
<ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">OU1
is the location of the former Diamond Alkali pesticide manufacturing plant
at 80-120 Lister Avenue, for which an interim remedy for containment was
completed in 2001.</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">OU2
is the lower 8.3 miles of the Lower Passaic River, from Newark Bay to
river mile 8.3, for which EPA selected a remedy in 2016. The estimated
$1.38 billion cleanup plan is currently in remedial design under EPA
oversight.</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">OU3
is the Newark Bay Study Area. EPA is currently overseeing an in-depth
investigation of the bay, including the nature and extent of the
contamination and the potential risks to human health and the environment
from exposure to this contamination, and an evaluation of technologies and
alternatives in order to determine how best to clean it up over the long
term.</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">OU4
is the 17-mile Lower Passaic River Study Area which includes both the
lower 8.3 miles of the River and the upper nine miles which is the subject
of this proposed plan. This proposed cleanup plan covers the upper nine
miles of OU4 in the Lower Passaic River Study Area and is an interim
action. A final remedy for OU4 will be proposed and selected in the
future.</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li></ul>
<p style="margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;"><img alt="https://us.vocuspr.com/Publish/518041/vcsPRAsset_518041_119251_eb8fb9cd-05e8-47d7-9239-6f2f7a1cfe20_0.PNG" id="_x0000_i1025" src="https://us.vocuspr.com/Publish/518041/vcsPRAsset_518041_119251_eb8fb9cd-05e8-47d7-9239-6f2f7a1cfe20_0.PNG" /></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">A
30-day public comment period for the proposed plan will occur from April 15,
2021 to May 14, 2021. EPA will host a Virtual Public Meeting on April 27, 2021
at 6:00 p.m. To register for the public meeting, visit <a href="https://u7061146.ct.sendgrid.net/ls/click?upn=4tNED-2FM8iDZJQyQ53jATUYrTmwCXRhAgiKtDkMSN7uOtfwaZTl9ywkjM8IfujNKYsWNgy2K7umk5V74m5X3PGg-3D-3DdUVW_lSuyR-2FtCWG6Dy3Z6x0krrp4XO0HHfJZhuV5q8fzCjh5dceYnlSbpSO6Dehla8xVbP61A5wQC4KuZxELf5CY2EGNZwYmZl1jqPQhk4xVS-2FtKyv-2FMNExYOfkltIFRIOL9C6q-2FGpVdQ2ff9yPCB3CrjR6qWDPeMXfSTcHujxhCQrNm1-2BKuVVvYPLkb4UlC8cqxVCX3CMshcEe-2BLsvFeUEmjbtzBhyfu2kpu4m4kLXjeiMHJxNB5FnGkKdqcTdZoT3rPYFAHUmhtK7s6DEahBByC-2Ba4R0UIXQ2QIPLL5jBk83GVb1UZCfCNV-2BimMssBqrizzRkCygqt9Foaz0NEdMT-2FEVcTKMqMp3ph29dbzzTLGdM4-3D">https://epa_proposed_plan_lprsa.eventbrite.com</a>.
To learn more about the public meeting, contact Shereen Kandil at <a href="mailto:kandil.shereen@epa.gov">kandil.shereen@epa.gov</a> or
212-637-4333.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">Written
comments on the Proposed Plan should be e-mailed or postmarked no later than
May 14, 2021 to <a href="mailto:salkie.diane@epa.gov">salkie.diane@epa.gov</a>
or Diane Salkie, Remedial Project Manager, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 290 Broadway, 18th Floor, New York, New York 10007-1866</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">For
more information on the site or to review the Proposed Plan, visit:</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;"><a href="https://u7061146.ct.sendgrid.net/ls/click?upn=TeZUXWpUv-2B6TCY38pVLo9v-2BtUAkUlg4CwHWMw5ICSFHpDmSDBDT87Tql-2Fh7OV-2F0UqTz52nbmun-2BK1noZdNaVMA-3D-3DSCSQ_lSuyR-2FtCWG6Dy3Z6x0krrp4XO0HHfJZhuV5q8fzCjh5dceYnlSbpSO6Dehla8xVbP61A5wQC4KuZxELf5CY2EGNZwYmZl1jqPQhk4xVS-2FtKyv-2FMNExYOfkltIFRIOL9C6q-2FGpVdQ2ff9yPCB3CrjR6qWDPeMXfSTcHujxhCQrNm1-2BKuVVvYPLkb4UlC8cqxVCX3CMshcEe-2BLsvFeUEmjbm36TrJrDYZK7dO2IwpHEH0-2BOCINSMk-2BRUD6WucOb8A3JQOEZFWAhiqQTUH3Fk1UDx9xKgnIxxWxXR8uTb4HA6S2IQYAGicmGia-2BuQ-2FJwDSISi1-2F4PhzILEk6-2FYiMaHrTf9likMuMPLVB2BBY0SCWKc-3D">www.epa.gov/superfund/diamond-alkali</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">Follow
EPA Region 2 on Twitter at <a href="https://u7061146.ct.sendgrid.net/ls/click?upn=iesGENwk9ZVmCixsbOYoOHbfgPE7OBIJjWzzqHE8ziBmcG0yHnbEff6vZYLMdVjBUOMh_lSuyR-2FtCWG6Dy3Z6x0krrp4XO0HHfJZhuV5q8fzCjh5dceYnlSbpSO6Dehla8xVbP61A5wQC4KuZxELf5CY2EGNZwYmZl1jqPQhk4xVS-2FtKyv-2FMNExYOfkltIFRIOL9C6q-2FGpVdQ2ff9yPCB3CrjR6qWDPeMXfSTcHujxhCQrNm1-2BKuVVvYPLkb4UlC8cqxVCX3CMshcEe-2BLsvFeUEmjbgGa-2BFlpPHprwyOrftprgxKcyRIA7dcDXApEU7XftOxCQLvW6F7TTuCS-2B2fpr7-2Fhc4G67r8Rhb3p46KNb3nU-2FumwD9hW6XJRmVu3NHD8X7Dre6NNUVncpn7SKPouppEVRpdK4G4cnfwuJm9QnW4-2Fd5w-3D">http://twitter.com/eparegion2</a>
and visit our Facebook page, <a href="https://u7061146.ct.sendgrid.net/ls/click?upn=IXpWEgevNLSukxaiYCwbUJXxJ9by7eRQMb-2FJ9Zoqc6wCeAoACTTRJkhIuEKIb6q6clSc_lSuyR-2FtCWG6Dy3Z6x0krrp4XO0HHfJZhuV5q8fzCjh5dceYnlSbpSO6Dehla8xVbP61A5wQC4KuZxELf5CY2EGNZwYmZl1jqPQhk4xVS-2FtKyv-2FMNExYOfkltIFRIOL9C6q-2FGpVdQ2ff9yPCB3CrjR6qWDPeMXfSTcHujxhCQrNm1-2BKuVVvYPLkb4UlC8cqxVCX3CMshcEe-2BLsvFeUEmjbuYzm4wLu5xu6a-2FsfWZXiYrGSWYYItAP429VRqwVJV-2Fj4R-2BgyQiOHfEohj1sbLQ6urQcvYMBiKll6QBc-2FmD6vgzFgY2b7VMIvmE0NlZp-2F7fONJIgP48oTxu2A8e-2BdWxOJ7bjA077fphLucm68dHKYXQ-3D">http://facebook.com/eparegion2</a>.</span></p>
Marina Smithhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639383134826338825noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2522829382047844905.post-16510755502711287322021-04-12T14:11:00.003-04:002021-04-12T14:11:16.153-04:00EPA Issues Record of Decision Related to Combined Sewer Overflow Impacts on the Newtown Creek Superfund Site in New York City <p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WQq6nMv_md0/YHSNEaFJ08I/AAAAAAABh-o/XZIFB9HPRR0J9BU24j46dLGlQyqZHWH9ACLcBGAsYHQ/s1000/newtown%2Bcreek%2Bsuperfund.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="1000" height="480" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WQq6nMv_md0/YHSNEaFJ08I/AAAAAAABh-o/XZIFB9HPRR0J9BU24j46dLGlQyqZHWH9ACLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h480/newtown%2Bcreek%2Bsuperfund.webp" width="640" /></a></div><br /><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p></p><p align="center" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">EPA Issues Record of Decision Related
to Combined Sewer Overflow Impacts on the Newtown Creek Superfund Site in New
York City</span></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">NEW
YORK</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">
(April 12, 2021) – The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has issued a
Record of Decision that evaluates impacts of the current and expected future
volume of combined sewer overflow (CSO) discharges to the Newtown Creek
Superfund Site in New York City. Today’s Record of Decision, which applies to
the volume of CSO discharges to Newtown Creek, lays out in detail why EPA has
concluded that the city’s Long Term Control Plan to improve the water quality
of Newtown Creek is anticipated to be consistent with meeting the needs of the
Superfund program.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">“EPA’s
Record of Decision recognizes the significant reductions in CSO discharges to
Newtown Creek that will result from implementation of the Long Term Control
Plan, and we have concluded that further volume reductions are not required
under the Superfund program,” <strong><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">said
EPA acting Regional Administrator Walter Mugdan</span></strong>. “EPA will
continue to closely monitor the site and will implement additional actions to
address the impacts of CSO discharges on the creek if needed to fulfill the
comprehensive cleanup of the site.”</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">The
Newtown Creek Superfund Site Study Area is comprised of the water and sediment
of Newtown Creek, which is located along the border of Brooklyn and Queens.
Outside of the Superfund process, the city is under order by New York State to
implement a CSO Long-Term Control Plan (LTCP) for Newtown Creek, as per the
requirements of the Clean Water Act. The LTCP, which was approved by the state
in 2018, includes several components such as construction of a CSO storage
tunnel to reduce the volume of future CSO discharges to the creek by over
60%. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">EPA
evaluated the LTCP in the context of the Superfund site to determine if the
volume reductions anticipated under the LTCP are sufficient to meet the needs
of the future Superfund cleanup of the Newtown Creek Superfund site. EPA
has determined that the CSO volume controls prescribed by the LTCP that the
City of New York is under order to implement are sufficient to meet the needs
of an eventual Superfund cleanup of the Newtown Creek Superfund Site. EPA will
require monitoring of the four major CSOs to confirm the assumptions made in
reaching this conclusion remain valid.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OjkU8lI9RyA/YHSNEYTkwjI/AAAAAAABh-k/Tn4y2WDx_nQqZ9sllAnR_Q1pfNc6XqqTQCLcBGAsYHQ/s576/DSCF6872-copy-2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="384" data-original-width="576" height="426" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OjkU8lI9RyA/YHSNEYTkwjI/AAAAAAABh-k/Tn4y2WDx_nQqZ9sllAnR_Q1pfNc6XqqTQCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h426/DSCF6872-copy-2.jpg" width="640" /></a> <br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">EPA
will determine in the future whether additional CSO-discharge related actions,
either in the creek or in the uplands adjacent to the creek, are needed to
address the cleanup of the full site.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">EPA
is also continuing to direct a very detailed investigation of the contamination
in the creek and a study of the feasible options to address that contamination.
These studies are being conducted under EPA’s oversight by a consortium of
parties that are potentially responsible for the contamination. The
studies are currently projected to be completed in 2023 and are expected to
lead to a proposal by EPA of a cleanup plan for the entire creek.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">On
November 21, 2019, EPA released for public comment the proposed plan regarding
this CSO discharge volume decision. During the public comment period, EPA held
two public meetings to inform the public of EPA’s preferred remedial
alternative and to receive public comments. The public meetings were held on
December 9, 2019 in Queens and on December 11, 2019 in Brooklyn. Two requests
for extension were granted, and the public comment period ended on February 28,
2020.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">To read
the EPA’s Record of Decision and to view EPA’s responses to public comments,
please visit <a href="https://u7061146.ct.sendgrid.net/ls/click?upn=TeZUXWpUv-2B6TCY38pVLo9v-2BtUAkUlg4CwHWMw5ICSFFYey2roEWaSn71QYeetcck6AbcyhBmBa5Iknagyn8qkQ-3D-3Ds-iM_lSuyR-2FtCWG6Dy3Z6x0krrp4XO0HHfJZhuV5q8fzCjh5dceYnlSbpSO6Dehla8xVbP61A5wQC4KuZxELf5CY2EGNZwYmZl1jqPQhk4xVS-2FtI8Rc7hBiVguXwRc1tAXb-2FY2nxIB0odeoTj6VBqu2pxQjZUq-2FCyQStTHV8ynNhsCuTwgJzpZqxq9vHdj63kCuPBUl8FQj9BO8mNEvD77b2n6YwTLjMmswOOvAmebg0yZLaAdG3SUsjstNZviIMSwlqMdDL0EJnR0-2B3QwBgViBzMqIP3ABd4um2e9kZltQJcGdgIF6ccMUceJMysaBisXffj37nM563Y8gie6FZYxT7e8N7gY8LdwBPLj5U4SI72Icc-3D">www.epa.gov/superfund/newtown-creek</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">Follow
EPA Region 2 on Twitter at <a href="https://u7061146.ct.sendgrid.net/ls/click?upn=iesGENwk9ZVmCixsbOYoOHbfgPE7OBIJjWzzqHE8ziBmcG0yHnbEff6vZYLMdVjBEYHt_lSuyR-2FtCWG6Dy3Z6x0krrp4XO0HHfJZhuV5q8fzCjh5dceYnlSbpSO6Dehla8xVbP61A5wQC4KuZxELf5CY2EGNZwYmZl1jqPQhk4xVS-2FtI8Rc7hBiVguXwRc1tAXb-2FY2nxIB0odeoTj6VBqu2pxQjZUq-2FCyQStTHV8ynNhsCuTwgJzpZqxq9vHdj63kCuPBUl8FQj9BO8mNEvD77b2n6XREMBqPahqlO8GwieNSxxtOAML44OymyExb7u2M1I0-2BZ7Dgt5XMj9-2FLhYE5vbEFto9oKhtAPSzalQGHWwMroAJlmynMvUvi0bEvG58yQhLCXpDk0Fd7f-2FX8iSo-2Frvbe3ihzPbN3JQ0ENb8zHlxIuOk-3D">http://twitter.com/eparegion2</a>
and visit our Facebook page, <a href="https://u7061146.ct.sendgrid.net/ls/click?upn=IXpWEgevNLSukxaiYCwbUJXxJ9by7eRQMb-2FJ9Zoqc6wCeAoACTTRJkhIuEKIb6q69pev_lSuyR-2FtCWG6Dy3Z6x0krrp4XO0HHfJZhuV5q8fzCjh5dceYnlSbpSO6Dehla8xVbP61A5wQC4KuZxELf5CY2EGNZwYmZl1jqPQhk4xVS-2FtI8Rc7hBiVguXwRc1tAXb-2FY2nxIB0odeoTj6VBqu2pxQjZUq-2FCyQStTHV8ynNhsCuTwgJzpZqxq9vHdj63kCuPBUl8FQj9BO8mNEvD77b2n6VMCkwYD0UGaLyfGQDMFRatiaqQnP07QkoqiwcmuNl5AcKZtLXYDIj-2FHI9xiz8U3POgHQHNgVTWNrzuKW55iEGY6r0wpxUzijN0T-2FcVve04InlAAKfKvDL2NSdhriYekcZ5nef2N5t6n4Jafv9-2BjYRA-3D">http://facebook.com/eparegion2</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Y8dlPK9BDxA/YHSNEYXFpRI/AAAAAAABh-s/vXIEuQ0fh0E-MSokZCZJ2WTtU0WDnOFcwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1024/LIC-NewtownCreek.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="480" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Y8dlPK9BDxA/YHSNEYXFpRI/AAAAAAABh-s/vXIEuQ0fh0E-MSokZCZJ2WTtU0WDnOFcwCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h480/LIC-NewtownCreek.JPG" width="640" /></a> <br /></span></p>
Marina Smithhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639383134826338825noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2522829382047844905.post-7606553241839456162021-04-01T14:48:00.008-04:002021-04-01T14:48:48.699-04:00EPA Proposes Plan for Next Phase of Cleanup at the Sherwin-Williams/Hilliards Creek Superfund Site in Gibbsboro, Lindenwold, and Voorhees, New Jersey<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-puEKqX3Zp78/YGYVZ_GZ1KI/AAAAAAABh9s/81dzu-x0edYsifrQw2KjYTNWMf9J2cjjgCLcBGAsYHQ/s677/sheriwin%2Bwilliams%2Bsuperfund.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="677" height="378" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-puEKqX3Zp78/YGYVZ_GZ1KI/AAAAAAABh9s/81dzu-x0edYsifrQw2KjYTNWMf9J2cjjgCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h378/sheriwin%2Bwilliams%2Bsuperfund.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><br /><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p></p><p align="center" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">EPA Proposes Plan for Next Phase of
Cleanup at the Sherwin-Williams/Hilliards Creek Superfund Site in Gibbsboro,
Lindenwold, and Voorhees, New Jersey</span></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">NEW
YORK </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">(April
1, 2021) – The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing a
cleanup plan to address waterbodies of the Sherwin-Williams/Hilliards Creek
Site in Gibbsboro, Lindenwold, and Voorhees, New Jersey. The proposed plan
calls for the dredging of contaminated sediment, along with excavation and
capping of floodplain soil at Silver Lake, Bridgewood Lake, Kirkwood Lake, and
Hilliards Creek.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">“The
cleanup of these waterbodies has long been sought by these communities and we
are proud of this proposal,” said <strong><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">EPA
Acting Regional Administrator Walter Mugdan</span></strong>. “The proposed
cleanup addresses arsenic and lead contamination that poses serious risks to
people, fish and wildlife.”</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">There
are three Sherwin-Williams Superfund sites that are sources of contamination to
the waterbodies. The sites are located within the municipalities of Gibbsboro,
Voorhees, and Lindenwold, New Jersey. Contamination from past paint
manufacturing originates within the area of the Former Manufacturing Plant
(Sherwin-Williams/Hilliards Creek Superfund Site), the Route 561 Dump Site, and
the United States Avenue Burn Superfund Site. These source areas are being
cleaned up under separate actions. Contaminants from these three sites have
moved downstream throughout the lakes and creeks within Gibbsboro, Voorhees and
Lindenwold.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">EPA’s
proposed plan calls for the dredging of 128,000 cubic yards of contaminated
sediment from Silver Lake, Bridgewood Lake, Kirkwood Lake, and Hilliards Creek.
This plan also includes the construction of a system to temporarily divert
streams during the cleanup.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">In
addition, EPA proposes to remove approximately 42,000 cubic yards of the top
two feet of soil located with the floodplain areas and cap contaminated soil
below two feet. EPA’s proposed plan provides for treatment, transport and
disposal of excavated sediment and soil off-site at a permitted facility, and
implementation of institutional controls in the form of deed notices. This plan
will be protective of human health and the environment while preserving
high-value wetland areas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2_ZDb3G-V1Q/YGYVZ8lusXI/AAAAAAABh9k/A_SaBUZZpy8gc4vhiVlSb7bD35k7uqZDgCLcBGAsYHQ/s667/kirkwood%2Blake%2Bcleanup.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="527" data-original-width="667" height="506" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2_ZDb3G-V1Q/YGYVZ8lusXI/AAAAAAABh9k/A_SaBUZZpy8gc4vhiVlSb7bD35k7uqZDgCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h506/kirkwood%2Blake%2Bcleanup.JPG" width="640" /></a> <br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">Throughout
the proposed cleanup, EPA will monitor and further study the cleanup progress
to ensure the effectiveness of the remedy and conduct a review of the cleanup
every 5 years to ensure its effectiveness. Under the proposed plan, the
estimated cost of this cleanup is approximately $90 million.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">A
30-day public comment period for the proposed plan will occur from April 1,
2021 to May 3, 2021. EPA will host a Virtual Public Meeting on April 12, 2021
at 7:00 p.m. To register for the public meeting, visit <a href="https://u7061146.ct.sendgrid.net/ls/click?upn=4tNED-2FM8iDZJQyQ53jATUTPvhRKMiRtNkT-2BDOWHhIUfqvTnXaLO05qTT0SCy12Mprrauh0tQmfot1v9FtNUvsxIHAQk5Ob2XwNuY6BAccdgtSrP-2FOzm1VZraWbD9yuFnDTvKhrpCu6Ajr0CN77rH28qMEqvEXflm8eA6oqSXhMScV0qC8CzQpSyHUPq31oIpJogaHNkZ6JMBMpi4fUN-2BrgCakLcEKhDPMFgz6Ypqj3jUAHQVyVT-2FV0eKcGY9Ivzm8Cv8rxIlz1uQ3ag5UFGOEzS9V57z3RB-2FYNWTEU0kXmJpA2gyD7tP7gl5ArfhQ-2By-2BqZFZRcfysruja-2B935a8SNy32-2FLmYi0XDMFVuiMLhOCcpvpXsu3pEqPV2G6SgH9JdUuvByp6kTNArsX-2B91c5UwxeSL-2Blin-2FkhKbPonheNsXcV-2FpzQsQ9e336rrBhTd9-2BXaIK-2FxS9cpw8B0aJ2TUKsYf8Bn40vUVs-2BRZ3jcRg3BaxYl193oXGT-2Fy2kVjMEEEBepPIQNXMw4Qf3rtgHwRyKFSL7pa-2BkRuzuI3cv5fQEOjBFVUh62FMXhR1Zxn-2BNYvDF5vZm_lSuyR-2FtCWG6Dy3Z6x0krrp4XO0HHfJZhuV5q8fzCjh5dceYnlSbpSO6Dehla8xVbP61A5wQC4KuZxELf5CY2EGNZwYmZl1jqPQhk4xVS-2FtLy1W6NJCF7SGVP2nqmdcsX9O5RXMg1-2FLVqkD0Bc8N1mofNPq61F7Oe-2FVQogLaCeRD0OO-2FjTRLUB1FUQcMOHNY5X2VbP-2Bujdy-2FWXIuO1ecY4yaY-2FyKkMPKou8QLv36eXQcuxvmBUbij-2BLRT-2FLvKazbPI1a6AVLhgpMcZVTRc4-2F5ckSWfAFnXD-2B1Of11RPqAXdSOq29OKdM0tcya7-2FvhT-2B4x-2BfmJ-2FCC6KbnymL5o4p3eSbLNpoM-2FaF2Qt7GhL7cdWxI-3D">https://epa-sherwin-williams-ou4.eventbrite.com</a>.
To learn more about the public meeting, contact Pat Seppi at <a href="mailto:Seppi.Pat@epa.gov">Seppi.Pat@epa.gov</a> or (646) 369-0068. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">Written
comments on the EPA’s proposed plan may be mailed or emailed to Julie Nace,
Remedial Project Manager, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 290 Broadway –
19<sup>th</sup> Floor, New York, NY 10007, Email: <a href="mailto:nace.julie@epa.gov">nace.julie@epa.gov</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UjdixfNjXqA/YGYVZziEbOI/AAAAAAABh9o/g_iXaESq1e4y3TPrRGx23ucPR5-xZ9yAQCLcBGAsYHQ/s679/kirkwood%2Blake%2B2.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="371" data-original-width="679" height="350" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UjdixfNjXqA/YGYVZziEbOI/AAAAAAABh9o/g_iXaESq1e4y3TPrRGx23ucPR5-xZ9yAQCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h350/kirkwood%2Blake%2B2.JPG" width="640" /></a> <br /></span></p>
Marina Smithhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639383134826338825noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2522829382047844905.post-43932437097668850522021-03-31T04:06:00.001-04:002021-03-31T04:06:18.019-04:00EPA Issues Administrative Order Requiring City to Construct Sewage Retention Tanks for Gowanus Canal Superfund Site Cleanup <p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_aofIHXd-qw/YGQtQkk2YNI/AAAAAAABh9Q/tMXypCfJD7w5cX-6Q4Cqx1zvNgC_NhF0wCLcBGAsYHQ/s727/gowanus%2Bcanala%2Bcleanup%2B2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="727" data-original-width="543" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_aofIHXd-qw/YGQtQkk2YNI/AAAAAAABh9Q/tMXypCfJD7w5cX-6Q4Cqx1zvNgC_NhF0wCLcBGAsYHQ/w478-h640/gowanus%2Bcanala%2Bcleanup%2B2.JPG" width="478" /></a></div><br /><br /><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p></p><p align="center" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">EPA Issues Administrative Order
Requiring City to Construct Sewage Retention Tanks for Gowanus Canal Superfund
Site Cleanup</span></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">NEW
YORK</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">
(March 30, 2021) The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ordered the
City of New York (city) to construct and operate two Combined Sewer Overflow
(CSO) retention tanks to control contaminated solids discharges at the Gowanus
Canal Superfund site in Brooklyn, New York, which is a key component of the
Gowanus Canal cleanup. The EPA’s order follows previous orders that EPA issued
in 2014 and 2016 to require the city to find a location for and design the two
tanks. Controls to reduce CSO discharges and prevent other land-based sources
of pollution, such as street runoff, from compromising the cleanup are a
critical part of the site’s cleanup plan.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">“This
order will ensure that EPA’s cleanup efforts will not be undermined by
uncontrolled combined sewer overflow discharges that have contributed to the
chemical contamination of this waterway and impacted this community for the past
century and a half,” <strong><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">said
EPA Acting Regional Administrator Walter Mugdan.</span></strong> “To ensure the
integrity of the dredging work, the retention tanks will control New York
City’s sewer outfalls over the long-term.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LSoRdYnFqgo/YGQtQlsJkSI/AAAAAAABh9U/f6siF09kZak7PILU6s4BlQWsQ7fOZStcACLcBGAsYHQ/s714/gowanus%2Bcanal%2Bsuperfund%2Bsite%2Bcleanup.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="441" data-original-width="714" height="396" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LSoRdYnFqgo/YGQtQlsJkSI/AAAAAAABh9U/f6siF09kZak7PILU6s4BlQWsQ7fOZStcACLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h396/gowanus%2Bcanal%2Bsuperfund%2Bsite%2Bcleanup.JPG" width="640" /></a> <br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">The
administrative order, issued on March 29, 2021, requires the city to construct
one 8-million-gallon tank, located at the head of the canal, and one
4-million-gallon tank, located at a New York City Department of Sanitation Salt
Lot near the middle of the canal.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">The
order also requires the city to, among other things:</span></p>
<ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ensure
that developers comply with municipal stormwater regulations within the
Gowanus area to prevent additional sewer volume from impairing the
effectiveness of the CSO tanks;</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Provide
treatment for separated stormwater discharges;</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perform
monitoring of sewer solids discharges to ensure protection of the dredging
remedy;</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perform
associated maintenance dredging, if determined by EPA to be necessary;</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Construct
a bulkhead on City-owned property to prepare for the second phase of
dredging work; and</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adhere
to an overall schedule for remaining tank design work and construction.</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li></ul>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">The
2013 cleanup plan for the Gowanus Canal Superfund site includes dredging to
remove contaminated sediment from the bottom of the canal, which has
accumulated because of industrial activity and CSO discharges. More than a
dozen contaminants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated
biphenyls, and heavy metals, including mercury, lead, and copper, are present
at high levels in the Gowanus Canal sediments. Dredged sediment that contains
high levels of liquid tar will be thermally treated at an off-site facility and
disposed. The less contaminated dredged sediment will be processed at an
off-site facility to transform it into a beneficial use product, such as
landfill cover. Certain areas of the native sediment, below the original canal
bottom, that contain mobile liquid tar and are too deep to excavate, will be
mixed with cement and solidified to prevent the migration of the tar into the
water of the canal. Following dredging and solidification of areas of the
native sediment, construction of a multilayer cap in dredged areas will isolate
and prevent migration of any dissolved chemicals remaining in the deep native
sediments. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zJBJOkzu2hE/YGQtQRYKHjI/AAAAAAABh9M/Rvezmdyw3GAvVdSt7BNqTTrVgggLxXsCwCLcBGAsYHQ/s547/gowanus%2Bcanal%2Bsuperfund%2Bsite%2Bcleanup%2B1.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="522" data-original-width="547" height="610" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zJBJOkzu2hE/YGQtQRYKHjI/AAAAAAABh9M/Rvezmdyw3GAvVdSt7BNqTTrVgggLxXsCwCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h610/gowanus%2Bcanal%2Bsuperfund%2Bsite%2Bcleanup%2B1.JPG" width="640" /></a> <br /></span></p>
Marina Smithhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639383134826338825noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2522829382047844905.post-80765720006103967192021-03-31T04:00:00.003-04:002021-03-31T04:00:40.975-04:00Cleanup work to resume next month at Grasse River Superfund Site in Massena, New York<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7Gld6HLYjoo/YGQr4pqZKdI/AAAAAAABh84/d6xh6EjxwzMQ5V6WXYzOQ-ozEAh_6MzSQCLcBGAsYHQ/s677/grasse%2Briver%2Bcleanup.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="317" data-original-width="677" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7Gld6HLYjoo/YGQr4pqZKdI/AAAAAAABh84/d6xh6EjxwzMQ5V6WXYzOQ-ozEAh_6MzSQCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h300/grasse%2Briver%2Bcleanup.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><br /><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p></p><p align="center" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Cleanup work to resume next month at
Grasse River Superfund Site in Massena, New York</span></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">ALBANY,
NY </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">(March
30, 2021) – The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced today that
in-river work will resume next month to address sediment contaminated with
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at the Grasse River Superfund Site (aka Alcoa
Aggregation) in Massena, New York.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">“It’s
exciting to see the tremendous progress that has been made as we near the
finish line for this critically important project,” <strong><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">said Walter Mugdan, Acting
Regional Administrator</span></strong>. “EPA, the New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation, and the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe continue to work
together on the oversight of the various components of the project.”</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">In
2013, EPA selected a cleanup plan for the site that called for dredging and
capping of PCB‐contaminated sediment in a 7.2‐mile stretch of river. The 2021
work will primarily include placement of a 12-inch sand, gravel and/or stone
cap in the lower five miles of the main river channel from the Route 131 Bridge
to the mouth of the Grasse River, covering over 200 acres; sand backfilling in
areas dredged in 2020 near Snug Harbor; and habitat reconstruction throughout
the site. The major elements of the in-river work are expected to be completed
by the end of 2021. COVID-19 protocols will continue to be followed and
safeguards will be maintained for the protection of site workers and the
community.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">To
support this year’s work, an extended underwater pipeline will be used to
transport some clean capping material from two staging areas to river
locations. This operation will occur 24 hours a day, six days a week. The
pipeline will be submerged along the river shoreline, with some floating
sections near the cap operations. The pipeline will be marked with orange and
white buoys. Designated crossing areas will be marked with green and red buoys
in the channel. The remainder of the capping material will be transported by
barges pushed by tugboats and placed mechanically on the river bottom using
excavator-type buckets. On-river warning signs will be posted to alert oncoming
boating traffic.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">Information
on boater safety can be found on the Arconic project website: <a href="https://u7061146.ct.sendgrid.net/ls/click?upn=TeZUXWpUv-2B6TCY38pVLo9j-2BzienY2ih0UH3g5-2FYRZGhypGuObv8o8NBcYODCZWPAhfPW_lSuyR-2FtCWG6Dy3Z6x0krrp4XO0HHfJZhuV5q8fzCjh5dceYnlSbpSO6Dehla8xVbP61A5wQC4KuZxELf5CY2EGNZwYmZl1jqPQhk4xVS-2FtKKd2OF0K21SDt5GT-2FoHTjBhDSMoxbeeWqPhKPiTr-2BtrkcTgkbCL5fpe-2Bis-2BOKy1s8dpt2QkaS-2FYrLOPiWh6Tj2H3BT3y7bJdnqWHlS-2FPKE9l-2BMBlidZ1oJDSpSGLg-2FF6kn86EXADbfB61yChxRvhIlsSZSmBoVcR7TKfnN9uw2sFdiGHpLmWkfV1iE9R8dzw64rKumM9Acc3C0S4DW1ipIHSI8XaZsxXR4aV9OlrlhgJ6IfcTfQtuO2En-2FoMPboS8-3D">www.thegrasseriver.com</a>.
Additional recreation advice is available from the New York State Department of
Health: “<a href="https://u7061146.ct.sendgrid.net/ls/click?upn=4tNED-2FM8iDZJQyQ53jATUT28ktnq-2BFwoDhE6qL2hPHs3aj2ZH7XEt9z-2F3Ql3qbTapO-2B0OuIC9501bjwJevcuvFZTIzL17ahJPsSZZHBIbkqt930kkldUJIUKbanumWI7G7LR_lSuyR-2FtCWG6Dy3Z6x0krrp4XO0HHfJZhuV5q8fzCjh5dceYnlSbpSO6Dehla8xVbP61A5wQC4KuZxELf5CY2EGNZwYmZl1jqPQhk4xVS-2FtKKd2OF0K21SDt5GT-2FoHTjBhDSMoxbeeWqPhKPiTr-2BtrkcTgkbCL5fpe-2Bis-2BOKy1s8dpt2QkaS-2FYrLOPiWh6Tj2H3BT3y7bJdnqWHlS-2FPKE9qegl2yFlefRciaSjNB9m1M8r1D6oGFaOsdmh4trFFZHmWrdoMmLXg6y7vbXkoGo6kCgegt85TKzfJkb-2FVv5M2aC2w4wEiotS3jItWqUStTC-2FAbYWk0Itwr-2BaX0qWW2CbldxbGqY5jXHI-2FE1Y5ycCmg-3D">Recreation
Advice for Lower Grasse River During Dredging and Capping</a>.” Recreational
boaters are asked to take caution, reduce speed and adhere to traffic patterns
in the project area.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">A
limited amount of dredging will be conducted in the navigational channel in
2021 just downstream of Snug Harbor. Snug Harbor is a small embayment (an
embayment is a part of a body of water that extends beyond the general
shoreline) on the north shore of the Grasse River, located about a third of a
mile upstream from where it joins the St. Lawrence River. In 2020, EPA modified
its original cleanup plan to include removal of an additional 90,000 cubic
yards of sediment, instead of capping, from an area of the river near Snug
Harbor. This additional removal was needed to accommodate a new, larger tugboat
purchased by the St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation, which operates
its tugboat out of Snug Harbor. Dredging was substantially completed at Snug
Harbor in 2020. Approximately 110,000 cubic yards of sediment was removed from
20 acres of the river. Clean backfill material will be placed in this area in
2021.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ze_ZJ-UVTi0/YGQr4gTAhXI/AAAAAAABh80/x_umtvUHdcwKG-Ahet0uXVDX1_u33fpDQCLcBGAsYHQ/s597/grasse%2Briver%2Bcleanup%2B2.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="371" data-original-width="597" height="398" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ze_ZJ-UVTi0/YGQr4gTAhXI/AAAAAAABh80/x_umtvUHdcwKG-Ahet0uXVDX1_u33fpDQCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h398/grasse%2Briver%2Bcleanup%2B2.JPG" width="640" /></a> <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">Two
shoreline support areas will be used in 2021 to store and manage capping material;
one is the staging area located near the intersection of County Route 42 and
Route 131 in Massena and the other is a newly constructed staging area on
Haverstock Road. Clean capping material will be brought to these areas by truck
and transported by barge or pipeline to the cap placement equipment on the
river. As with previous phases of work, a traffic management plan will be
in place to address the increased truck traffic at and near the staging areas.
The Alcoa East Plant dock will also be used to support the project. While
efforts will continue to be made to minimize traffic impacts, residents should
exercise caution when driving in these areas.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">Health
and safety plans have also been developed to protect workers and area
communities while work is underway. The air and river water will be monitored
during the work, and the results will be available on Arconic’s project
website: <a href="https://u7061146.ct.sendgrid.net/ls/click?upn=TeZUXWpUv-2B6TCY38pVLo9j-2BzienY2ih0UH3g5-2FYRZGiH25N3kacdbqZ6ISP-2Foo-2Foe9uM_lSuyR-2FtCWG6Dy3Z6x0krrp4XO0HHfJZhuV5q8fzCjh5dceYnlSbpSO6Dehla8xVbP61A5wQC4KuZxELf5CY2EGNZwYmZl1jqPQhk4xVS-2FtKKd2OF0K21SDt5GT-2FoHTjBhDSMoxbeeWqPhKPiTr-2BtrkcTgkbCL5fpe-2Bis-2BOKy1s8dpt2QkaS-2FYrLOPiWh6Tj2H3BT3y7bJdnqWHlS-2FPKE9thqSkusrMJVjZ5PMnvFzAo0zS-2FaaK-2B9fBpMyDwamZEewVnI6YvG-2BYEW-2Fy3oZdHW5Pj5Nn3cglzSGD6oTprMiwPkRDcB49-2FlAOytcv-2FxKQxi5XS-2F7x5WR7AxzMFWIejDMu3aq1ciyQHJ-2F48VptVSHK0-3D">www.thegrasseriver.com.
</a>Noise and lighting in the work zones will also be monitored. Efforts will
be made to mitigate noise generated from the construction activities. The
submerged pipeline is expected to help reduce noise levels associated with
capping operations during nighttime hours. Mechanical capping will be limited
to daytime hours.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">Howmet
Aerospace Inc. (formerly Arconic Inc.) is responsible for performing the work
at the site on behalf of the parties responsible for the Superfund cleanup.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ju64UHyqcC0/YGQr4nnR5sI/AAAAAAABh88/I3ERZZvsqAY8UpuZTmHKJRPN8QjPCamNwCLcBGAsYHQ/s591/grasse%2Briver%2Bcleanup%2B3.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="427" data-original-width="591" height="462" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ju64UHyqcC0/YGQr4nnR5sI/AAAAAAABh88/I3ERZZvsqAY8UpuZTmHKJRPN8QjPCamNwCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h462/grasse%2Briver%2Bcleanup%2B3.JPG" width="640" /></a> <br /></span></p>
Marina Smithhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639383134826338825noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2522829382047844905.post-9013856167685790082021-03-27T06:57:00.002-04:002021-03-27T06:57:35.572-04:00Drinking water supplied by New Jersey utilities between 2012 and 2017 contained 107 contaminants <p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HJNUmEhVpEA/YF8PlLfwZ2I/AAAAAAABh8o/rWbF_mCr8qwl2jcLfb_luN1yU7BBLn-fQCLcBGAsYHQ/s472/drinking%2Bwater2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="363" data-original-width="472" height="492" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HJNUmEhVpEA/YF8PlLfwZ2I/AAAAAAABh8o/rWbF_mCr8qwl2jcLfb_luN1yU7BBLn-fQCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h492/drinking%2Bwater2.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h1 class="entry-title">NJ Drinking Water Contaminants Increase, Survey Says</h1> <div class="meta">
<a class="aprofile" href="https://www.njspotlight.com/author/jon-hurdle/"><span class="author">Jon Hurdle</span>, Contributing writer</a> | October 23, 2019 | <span class="cats"><a href="https://www.njspotlight.com/energy-environment/">Energy & Environment</a>, <a href="https://www.njspotlight.com/water/">Water</a></span>
</div>
<div class="img-wrap">Advocacy group says some substances top
recommended health limits; most samples met standards set by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency<span class="credit"> </span></div><div class="img-wrap"><span class="credit"><br /></span></div><div class="entry-content cf"><figure class="wp-caption alignnone " id="attachment_103624"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">The latest tally of contaminants was 26 more than in the last report by the Environmental Working Group.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Drinking water supplied by New Jersey utilities between 2012 and 2017
contained 107 contaminants — some of which were at levels that
advocates say are harmful to human health, according to a <a href="https://www.ewg.org/2019tapwater/state.php?">survey published on Wednesday</a>.</p>
<p>The advocacy organization Environmental Working Group used <a href="https://www9.state.nj.us/DEP_WaterWatch_public/">data from the state Department of Environmental Protection</a>
on drinking water quality at New Jersey’s 579 utilities, as part of its
national U.S. Tap Water Database, a biennial report. The latest tally
of contaminants was 26 more than in the last report, covering the years
2010-2015, which was released two years ago.</p>
<p>In New Jersey, the report found some samples from larger utilities
contained contaminants at levels that exceeded health limits as
recommended by other states or by the nonprofit itself, although nearly
all samples met standards set by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.</p>
<p>Although the samples were taken as long ago as 2012, the
contamination levels found are probably the same now unless a supply has
been treated, said Chris Campbell, vice president for information
technology at EWG.</p>
<p>“It is likely, barring installation of some form of treatment, that
the levels now are similar to 2015-2017, which is the timeframe used on
most contaminants,” he said.</p>
<h2>The ‘Erin Brokovich’ chemical</h2>
<p>The most common contaminant in New Jersey was hexavalent chromium,
the so-called “Erin Brockovich Chemical” — named after the well-known
public-health campaigner in California — that is used in the manufacture
of dyes, paints, inks and plastics, and can cause lung cancer if
regularly inhaled, according to federal health experts. The chemical was
found at above EWG-recommended health limits in the water of 202 New
Jersey utilities serving some 7.5 million people, the report said.</p>
<p>The second most common contaminant was bromodichloromethane, a
chemical formed when chlorine is used to disinfect drinking water, and
which has been linked in animal studies to cancer of the liver, kidneys
and intestines, according to federal scientists. In New Jersey, there
were 193 utilities serving some 5.1 million people where the chemical
was found at above EWG’s recommended health limits, the report said.</p>
<p>EWG bases many of its health recommendations on standards set by
California, or its own research. In New Jersey, there were 10
contaminants that exceeded the EWG-recommended health levels but only
two that exceeded federal legal limits, the report said.</p>
<p>Utilities where multiple contaminants were found included <a href="https://www.ewg.org/tapwater/system.php?pws=NJ0102001">Atlantic City</a>, which
had 10 chemicals that exceeded EWG’s health standards — the same number
as in the 2017 survey. Still, the city’s water met all federal health
requirements between January and March this year, the report said.</p>
<p>The Atlantic City contaminants included PFOS (perfluorooctane
sulfate), one of the potentially carcinogenic PFAS family of per- and
polyfluoroalkyl chemicals, at 33 times EWG’s recommended limit, and the
related chemical PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid) at 12 times the limit.
The PFOA level was just within a new health limit that’s being adopted
by the Department of Environmental Protection, while the PFOS level
exceeded the state standard. EWG said it had no information on the
source of contamination at Atlantic City.</p>
<h2>Meeting federal standards</h2>
<p>Atlantic City’s water also contained arsenic at 31 times EWG’s health
guideline, and chloroform that was 40 times higher than the recommended
EWG health limit. Arsenic is the only one of the 10 contaminants in the
city’s water that’s subject to a federal legal limit of 10 micrograms
per liter.</p>
<p>Still, Atlantic City, whose water system serves about 152,000
customers, complied with federal standards on lead, the survey found.
Only 3.2% of the households sampled in Atlantic City exceeded the EPA’s
lead health limit of 15 parts per billion (ppb) during the latest
testing in 2017.</p>
<p>Among other utilities, New Jersey American Water’s western region system, serving some 264,000 people, also <a href="https://www.ewg.org/tapwater/system.php?pws=NJ0327001">exceeded EWG’s health guidelines for 10 contaminants</a> including hexavalent chromium and chloroform, neither of which have a legal limit.</p>
<p>New Jersey American Water said the substances identified by EWG in
its water are mostly by-products of water disinfectants, which meet all
regulatory requirements, and were previously reported to the DEP. Others
are chemicals in source water at levels well below “recognized” state
or federal drinking water standards.</p>
<p>“While we do not specifically treat for these unregulated compounds,
their presence is affected by the overall treatment process,” the
company said in a statement. “New Jersey American Water treats and
delivers water that meets or surpasses EPA and New Jersey drinking water
standards.”</p>
<h2>Using California’s public health goals</h2>
<p>The company’s president, Cheryl Norton, said the health limits
advocated by EWG often use California’s public health goals that are a
lot stricter than implemented state standards that take into account
other factors like detectability and the cost of treatment. For example,
she said California’s enforceable limit for arsenic is 2,500 times
higher than its public health goal and matches the federal level.</p>
<p>At Woodbridge-based Middlesex Water, serving about 233,000 customers, <a href="https://www.ewg.org/tapwater/system.php?pws=NJ1225001">hexavalent chromium and PFOA</a> were both found at above recommended levels.</p>
<p>Middlesex’s chief executive, Dennis Doll, said the report was in line
with the company’s own findings. “We don’t agree with the EWG’s
methodology but the results they are reporting are not an unreasonable
representation of our numbers,” he wrote in an email.</p>
<p>He noted that EWG’s health limits are recommendations, not
regulations, and so the reported levels do not violate any legal limit.
He called EWG’s proposed limit of 1 part per trillion (ppt) for PFOA
“outrageously low and not based on sound science.” The PFOA level in the
EWG report is based on only one Middlesex well, and so represents a
very small part of the company’s overall system, he said.</p>
<p>While the PFOA level in the Middlesex system topped EWG’s
recommendation, it was within the level that is being adopted by the
DEP.</p>
<p><strong>Unsound science driving ‘race to zero’?</strong></p>
<p>The Water Research Foundation, a national group that Doll chairs,
believes pressure on utilities and regulators from EWG and other
advocates is resulting in “a race to zero” that he said is not being
driven by sound science or EPA policy.</p>
<p>Still, EWG said the data shows that the EPA should set stricter
standards on drinking water contaminants. “Legal does not necessarily
equal safe,” the group said. “Getting a passing grade from the federal
government does not mean the water meets the latest health guidelines.”</p>
<p>For its part, the EPA said it has set enforceable maximum contaminant
limits (MCLs) for some chemicals including arsenic and chloroform, and
has issued a number of regulations since the 1995 amendments to the Safe
Drinking Water Act to reduce the risks of pathogens in ground water and
surface water, and from disinfection by-products.</p>
<p>On PFAS, the agency reiterated that it will decide by the end of this
year whether to begin regulating PFOA and PFOS, and is evaluating other
PFAS chemicals for possible regulation.</p>
<p>Andrea Drinkard, a spokeswoman for EPA, said the agency distinguishes
between the enforcement levels and “Maximum Contaminant Limit Goals”
(MCLGs), as set by the Safe Drinking Water Act. For example, the MCLG
for arsenic is zero because there is no level of arsenic in water that
is without risk, but the EPA has set 10 micrograms per liter as the
enforcement level “in accordance with SDWA requirements that EPA
consider the feasibility, costs, and benefits when establishing
regulations,” she said.</p>
<h2>Different standards</h2>
<p>Arsenic is one of 14 contaminants for which New Jersey has stricter limits than the EPA, according to the DEP’s Annual <a href="https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/pdf/violations2018.pdf">Compliance Report for 2018</a>,
which describes the different standards that water utilities are
required to meet. That report names 49 water systems that exceeded
maximum contaminant limits for different chemicals during the year, and
another 29 that topped the EPA’s “action levels” on lead and copper.</p>
<p>The survey comes as New Jersey lawmakers and advocates step up their
efforts to renew aging water pipes and sewers that leak drinking water
and spill raw sewage during rainstorms. Municipal and investor-owned
water utilities are also working to ensure that public water supplies
are free of contaminants such as the lead that comes from antiquated
pipes, and the PFAS chemicals that persist in many water systems long
after their industrial uses have ended.</p>
<p>On Oct. 10, Gov. Phil Murphy set a target of <a href="https://www.njspotlight.com/2019/10/murphys-target-replace-all-lead-service-lines-in-nj-by-2029/">replacing the state’s estimated 350,000 lead service lines</a>
— pipes that connect individual homes with water transmission lines —
within 10 years. He proposed a $500 million bond to help utilities
comply with the target, which is expected to cost some $2 billion in
total.</p>
<p>Murphy’s initiative came on the same day as a major report on lead
from Jersey Water Works, a consortium dedicated to renewing the state’s
antiquated water infrastructure, and followed recent alarm over lead
contamination in Newark where authorities are already replacing lead
lines and helping residents install in-home filters.</p></div>Marina Smithhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639383134826338825noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2522829382047844905.post-9806053924516291952021-03-27T06:53:00.001-04:002021-03-27T06:53:41.792-04:00Facts About the World Water Crisis<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Z7F94Bx02ks/YF8OfODb_VI/AAAAAAABh8g/H6lcIxBfd_gBhYIBwC98QuuSPR8ZxZBGwCLcBGAsYHQ/s929/water%2Bafrica.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="929" height="434" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Z7F94Bx02ks/YF8OfODb_VI/AAAAAAABh8g/H6lcIxBfd_gBhYIBwC98QuuSPR8ZxZBGwCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h434/water%2Bafrica.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h3>10 Facts About the World Water Crisis</h3>
<ol><li><a href="https://washdata.org/data/household#!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">784 million people</a> around the world are without basic water access. That’s more than twice the population of the United States.</li><li>More people die from unsafe water than from all forms of violence, including <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death">war</a>.</li><li>Two billion people, or about 1 in 4, <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sanitation">lack access to a toilet</a> or latrine.</li><li>Diarrheal diseases, caused primarily by unsafe water and poor sanitation, <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/global/diarrhea-burden.html">kill more children under 5</a> years old than malaria, AIDS, and measles combined.</li><li>Diarrheal disease kills one child every <a href="https://www.unicef.org/media/media_68359.html">60 seconds.</a></li><li>About a quarter (22%) of <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water">health facilities</a> in Least Developed Countries have no safe water.</li><li>In sub-Saharan Africa, women and girls spend an estimated <a href="https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2014/3/collecting-and-carrying-water-burdensome-reality-for-women">40 billions hours</a> a year collecting water.</li><li>An estimated <a href="https://www.washadvocates.org/learn/wash-and-education/">400 million</a> school days are lost each year due to water-related diseases, with 272 million lost to diarrhea alone.</li><li>Lost time gathering water significantly reduces <a href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/in/documentViewer.xhtml?id=p::usmarcdef_0000231823&file=/in/rest/annotationSVC/DownloadWatermarkedAttachment/attach_import_c7942a28-e816-45af-817c-a86722fd8f1f%3F_%3D231823eng.pdf&locale=en&multi=true&ark=/ark:/48223/pf0000231823/PDF/231823eng.pdf#page=32&zoom=auto">productive farming time</a>
for women in parts of the developing world. With safe water nearby,
it’s estimated that women could feed 150 million of the world’s hungry.</li><li>For every $1 invested in safe water and sanitation, a yield of <a href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/in/documentViewer.xhtml?id=p::usmarcdef_0000231823&file=/in/rest/annotationSVC/DownloadWatermarkedAttachment/attach_import_c7942a28-e816-45af-817c-a86722fd8f1f%3F_%3D231823eng.pdf&locale=en&multi=true&ark=/ark:/48223/pf0000231823/PDF/231823eng.pdf#page=32&zoom=auto">$5 to $28 USD is returned</a> in increased economic activity and reduced health care costs. Access to safe water stimulates the economy for the long-term.</li></ol>Marina Smithhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639383134826338825noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2522829382047844905.post-38755037972389311652021-03-27T06:50:00.000-04:002021-03-27T06:50:02.490-04:00UN: the inability to recognize the value of water is the main cause of water waste and misuse<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dFZs0GA8G74/YF8NxYccJTI/AAAAAAABh8Y/amvwnSpUzaM2ag_Zjr71VlqeG_2qApHYgCLcBGAsYHQ/s679/drinking%2Bwater.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="459" data-original-width="679" height="432" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dFZs0GA8G74/YF8NxYccJTI/AAAAAAABh8Y/amvwnSpUzaM2ag_Zjr71VlqeG_2qApHYgCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h432/drinking%2Bwater.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p>Launch of UN World Water Development Report 2021: determining the true value of the “blue gold” we need to protect.</p>
<p><em>Paris, 22 March</em> — The United Nations World Water Development
Report (WWDR) 2021, published by UNESCO on behalf of UN-Water, shows
that the inability to recognize the value of water is the main cause of
water waste and misuse. Despite the difficulty of attributing an
objective and indisputable value to a resource which is fundamental to
life, it seems necessary to examine water’s various dimensions in order
to understand the various aspects of its “value”. This is especially
true in times of growing scarcity and against the backdrop of population
growth and climate change.</p>
<p>“Water is our most precious resource, a ‘blue gold’ to which more
than 2 billion people do not have direct access. It is not only
essential for survival, but also plays a sanitary, social and cultural
role at the heart of human societies,” says the Director-General of
UNESCO, Audrey Azoulay.</p>
<p>This year’s WWDR addresses the question of the value of water. It
shows that waste and careless use stems from the fact we all too often
think of water exclusively in terms of its cost price, without realizing
its tremendous value, which is impossible to price.</p>
<p>“The devastating effects of the COVID-19 pandemic remind us of the
importance of having access to water, sanitation and hygiene facilities,
and highlight that far too many people are still without them. Many of
our problems arise because we do not value water highly enough; all too
often water is not valued at all,” says Gilbert F. Houngbo, Chair of
UN-Water and President of the International Fund for Agricultural
Development (IFAD).</p>
<p>The value of water is certainly incalculable and limitless, since
life cannot exist without it and it has no replacement. This is perhaps
best illustrated by the widespread enthusiasm for the idea that traces
of water can be found on Mars, or the fact that we think of water and
life as interchangeable when studying other planets.</p>
<p>The report emphasizes the great need to broaden the notion of the
“value” of water stressing that we cannot confuse the concepts of
“price”, “cost” and “value”.</p>
<p>Although price and cost are potentially quantifiable, the concept of
“value” is much wider and includes social and cultural dimensions.</p>
<p>Indeed, water is not like other raw materials which can be treated as
commodities and openly traded through stock markets. The challenge is
to determine a value for a resource whose importance varies in different
areas of economic activity, at different times, without forgetting to
take into account its social, environmental and cultural dimensions.</p>
<p><strong>Tools and methodologies for valuing water are both imperfect and misapplied</strong></p>
<p>The tools we have today tend to reduce the value of water to its economic aspect.</p>
<p>The economic value of water cannot be denied considering its myriad
uses in food, electricity and industrial production, to name just a few.</p>
<p>While monetary valuation has the advantage of convenience and easy
legibility in agriculture and industry, it presents the disadvantage of
underestimating, even excluding, other aspects which are more difficult
to monetize. How do we quantify the meaning of the 443 million
schooldays missed annually due to water-related diseases?</p>
<p>Furthermore, some societies reject the idea of viewing nature and its
benefits from an economic perspective, putting the rights of “Mother
Earth” to the fore, thus rendering such economic readings of the value
of water woefully inadequate.</p>
<p>In India, for example, the Ganges is revered by Hindus as a living
entity with the same rights as human beings. Similarly, in New Zealand,
the Te Awa Tupua Act of 2017 recognizes the Whanganui River as “an
indivisible and living whole from the mountains to the sea” and
guarantees the river’s protection by the local Maori population. “The
fate of humans and water is inextricably linked. In the words of the
Whanganui River Tribe’s proverb, Ko au te awa, ko te awa ko au, I am the
river, the river is me”, notes Audrey Azoulay.</p>
<p>Faced with these views and those of investors, who consider that
resources such as water can have an economic value put on them, it
becomes difficult to develop a standard system to measure the value of
water in all its aspects. Nevertheless, it is possible to develop an
integrated approach that allows the different dimensions of water to be
considered together, so as to identify appropriate policy choices. A key
element of such an approach is to ensure that all stakeholders,
regardless of background or gender, are involved in evaluations and
decision-making. If we want to enrich our approach to water and stop
reducing the resource to its mere monetary value, we must be enriched by
the views held by all, especially the people directly concerned.</p>
<p>Overcoming differences of opinion and reaching the necessary
compromises is one of the great challenges of water management. “The
time has come for stakeholders to identify, articulate and share
perspectives of the values of water,” emphasizes UN-Water Chair, Gilbert
F. Houngbo. This implies developing mechanisms that allow stakeholders
not only to express themselves but also to be heard.</p>
<p>When major infrastructure projects are studied, for example, it is
essential to consider all these different dimensions, to ensure that
their social, cultural and environmental consequences are not
underestimated. A cost-benefit approach therefore requires considering
the different “values” of water.</p>
<p>Similarly, we know that providing universal access to safe drinking
water and sanitation in 140 low- and middle-income countries would cost
$114 billion per year, whereas the multiple social and economic benefits
of safe water are difficult to evaluate.</p>
<p>These issues are at the heart of this year’s edition of the United
Nations World Water Development Report (WWDR), UN-Water’s flagship
publication on water and sanitation issues, which focuses on a different
theme every year.</p>
<p>The report is published by UNESCO on behalf of UN-Water and its
production is coordinate by the UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme.
The report gives insight into the main trends concerning the state, use
and management of freshwater and sanitation, based on work by members
and partners of UN-Water.</p>
<p>Launched in conjunction with World Water Day, the report provides
decision-makers with knowledge and tools to formulate and implement
sustainable water policies. It also offers best practice examples and
in-depth analyses to stimulate ideas and actions for better stewardship
in the water sector and beyond.</p>Marina Smithhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639383134826338825noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2522829382047844905.post-51781567346225998362021-03-27T06:44:00.001-04:002021-03-27T06:44:17.950-04:00Human health can be influenced by many factors, including exposure to physical, chemical, biological, and radiological contaminants in the environment.<p> </p><h1 class="page-title">Human Exposure and Health</h1>
<p><span class="figure image file file-image file-image-jpeg view-mode-media_original" style="width: 718px;"><br /></span></p>
<p>Human health can be influenced by many factors, including exposure to
physical, chemical, biological, and radiological contaminants in the
environment. Protecting human health from environmental contaminants is
integral to EPA's mission.</p>
<div class="box multi related-info right">
<h2 class="pane-title">Related Links</h2>
<div class="pane-content">
<ul><li><a href="https://www.epa.gov/environmental-topics/health-topics">Health Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.epa.gov/healthresearch">Health Research</a></li></ul></div>
</div>
<p>EPA scientists evaluate the extent to which people are exposed to
contaminants in air, in water, and on land; how these exposures affect
human health; and what levels of exposure are harmful. The Agency uses
this information to develop guidelines for the safe production,
handling, and management of hazardous substances, and to determine
whether further study or public health intervention may be necessary.</p>
<p>EPA also tracks exposures and health condition across segments of the
population (such as gender, race, or ethnicity) or geographic location
to help identify differences across subgroups and guide public health
decisions and strategies.<br /><br />
This is consistent with national public health goals aimed at eliminating health disparities, and helps the Agency work toward <a href="https://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice">environmental justice</a>
by addressing a continuing concern that minority and/or economically
disadvantaged communities frequently may be exposed disproportionately
to environmental contaminants.</p>
<div>
<p>The ROE indicators address three fundamental questions regarding
trends in human exposure and disease or conditions that may be
associated with environmental factors. All three questions examined
trends across the U.S. population as a whole, as well as across
population subgroups and geographic regions:</p>
</div>
<h3 class="highlighted"><a id="pane-1" name="pane-1"> </a>Indicators: Exposure to Environmental Contaminant</h3>
<ul><li><strong><a href="https://www.epa.gov/report-environment/exposure-environmental-contaminants">What are the trends in human exposure to environmental contaminants?</a></strong>
Data on trends in exposure levels provide an opportunity to evaluate
the extent to which environmental contaminants are present in human
tissue, independent of the occurrence of specific diseases or
conditions.
<ul><li><a href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/roe/indicator.cfm?i=61">Blood Cadmium</a></li><li><a href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/roe/indicator.cfm?i=63">Blood Lead</a></li><li><a href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/roe/indicator.cfm?i=64">Blood Mercury</a></li><li><a href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/roe/indicator.cfm?i=26">Serum Cotinine</a></li><li><a href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/roe/indicator.cfm?i=65">Serum Persistent Organic Pollutants</a></li><li><a href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/roe/indicator.cfm?i=66">Urinary Pesticides</a></li><li><a href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/roe/indicator.cfm?i=67">Urinary Phthalates</a></li></ul></li></ul><h3 class="highlighted"><a id="pane-2" name="pane-2"> </a>Indicators: Health Status</h3>
<ul><li><strong><a href="https://www.epa.gov/report-environment/health-status">What are the trends in health status in the United States?</a></strong>
Trends in general health outcome indicators (including life expectancy,
infant mortality, and general mortality) provide a broad picture of
health in the United States. These indicators provide a general context
for understanding trends in specific diseases and conditions that may in
part be linked with the environment.
<ul><li><a href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/roe/indicator.cfm?i=68">General Mortality</a></li><li><a href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/roe/indicator.cfm?i=69">Infant Mortality</a></li><li><a href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/roe/indicator.cfm?i=70">Life Expectancy</a></li></ul></li></ul><h3 class="highlighted"><a id="pane-3" name="pane-3"> </a>Indicators: Disease and Conditions</h3>
<ul><li><strong><a href="https://www.epa.gov/report-environment/disease-and-conditions">What are the trends in human disease and conditions for which environmental contaminants may be a risk factor?</a></strong>
This question looks at the occurrence of diseases and conditions
(including cancer, asthma, and birth outcomes) that are known or
suspected to be caused (to some degree) or exacerbated by exposures to
environmental contaminants.
<ul><li><a href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/roe/indicator.cfm?i=71">Asthma</a></li><li><a href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/roe/indicator.cfm?i=72">Birth Defects</a></li><li><a href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/roe/indicator.cfm?i=73">Cancer</a></li><li><a href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/roe/indicator.cfm?i=74">Cardiovascular Disease</a></li><li><a href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/roe/indicator.cfm?i=75">Childhood Cancer</a></li><li><a href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/roe/indicator.cfm?i=76">Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease</a></li><li><a href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/roe/indicator.cfm?i=77">Infectious Diseases</a></li><li><a href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/roe/indicator.cfm?i=78">Low Birthweight</a></li><li><a href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/roe/indicator.cfm?i=79">Preterm Delivery</a></li></ul></li></ul><p>The ROE exposure and health indicators are based on data sets
representative of the national population (rather than data from
targeted populations) and are not tied to specific exposures or
releases. They do not directly link exposure with outcome and,
consequently:</p>
<ul><li>Cannot be used to demonstrate causal relationships between exposure to a contaminant and a particular health outcome.</li><li>Cannot be directly linked to any of the indicators of emissions or ambient pollutants in <a href="https://www.epa.gov/report-environment/air">Air</a>, <a href="https://www.epa.gov/report-environment/water">Water</a>, or <a href="https://www.epa.gov/report-environment/land">Land</a>.</li></ul><p>However, when combined with other information, such as
environmental monitoring data and data from toxicological,
epidemiological, or clinical studies, these indicators can be an
important key to better understanding the relationship between
environmental contamination and health outcomes.</p>
<h3 class="highlighted"><a id="pane-4" name="pane-4"> </a>Environmental Public Health Paradigm</h3>
<p>Development of disease is multi-faceted, and the relationship between
environmental contamination, exposure, and disease is complex. The
environmental public health paradigm shown in Exhibit 1<a href="https://www.epa.gov/report-environment/human-exposure-and-health#note1"><sup>1</sup></a>
illustrates the broad continuum of factors or events that may be
involved in the potential development of human disease following
exposure to an environmental contaminant.</p>
<p><span class="figure image file file-image file-image-png center view-mode-media_original" style="width: 760px;"><img alt="Exhibit 1. This exhibit shows the series of events that provide the conceptual basis for understanding and evaluating environmental health. For adverse health effects such as clinical disease or death to occur, a contaminant must first be released from it" class="center media-element file-media-original" height="366" src="https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-12/exh1-health-paradigm.png" width="760" /></span></p>
<p>The presence of a contaminant in the environment or within human
tissue alone does not mean disease will occur. For adverse health
effects (clinical disease or death) to occur, a contaminant must:</p>
<ul><li>Be released from its source (block 1);</li><li>Reach human receptors (via air, water, or land) (blocks 2 and 3);</li><li>Enter the human body (via inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) (block 4), <i>and</i>:</li><li>Be present in the body at sufficient doses to cause biological
changes (block 5) that may ultimately result in an adverse health effect
(Block 6).</li></ul><p>This series of events serves as the conceptual basis for understanding and evaluating environmental health. <a href="https://www.epa.gov/report-environment/air">Air</a>, <a href="https://www.epa.gov/report-environment/water">Water</a>, and <a href="https://www.epa.gov/report-environment/land">Land</a>
present indicators relevant to blocks 1-3. Indicators based on data
from individuals, communities, or populations (blocks 4-6) are the
domain of Human Exposure and Health.</p>
<p>The paradigm is a linear, schematic depiction of a process that is, in reality, complex and multi-factorial. For example:</p>
<ul><li><b>Exposure to an environmental contaminant is rarely the sole cause of an adverse health outcome.</b>
Environmental contaminant exposure is just one of several factors that
can contribute to the occurrence or severity of disease. Other factors
include diet, exercise, alcohol consumption, individual genetic makeup,
medications, and other pre-existing diseases. For example, asthma can be
triggered by an environmental insult, but environmental exposures are
not the “cause” of all asthma attacks. Consequently, the presence of a
disease or health outcome for which environmental contaminants are risk
factors does not mean exposure has occurred or contributed to that
disease.<br />
</li><li><b>Different contaminants can be risk factors for the same disease.</b>
For example, both outdoor air pollution and certain indoor air
pollutants, such as environmental tobacco smoke, can exacerbate asthma
symptoms.<br />
</li><li><b>Susceptibility to disease is different for each person.</b> Some individuals may experience effects from certain ambient exposure levels, while others may not.<br />
</li><li><b>Much remains unknown about the extent to which environmental contaminant exposures impact health.</b>
Some environmental contaminants are considered important risk factors.
In other cases, available data suggest that environmental exposures are
important, but proof is lacking. And in other cases, the relationship
between the contaminant and human health, if any, is not known.</li></ul><h3 class="highlighted"><a id="pane-5" name="pane-5"> </a>Connections Between Environmental Exposure and Health Outcomes</h3>
<p>Relationships between environmental exposures and health outcomes can
only be established through well-designed epidemiological,
toxicological, and clinical studies. Developing evidence that
environmental contaminants cause or contribute to the incidence of
adverse health effects can be challenging, particularly for effects that
occur in a relatively small proportion of the population or effects
with multiple causes. For example:</p>
<ul><li>In cases where exposure to an environmental contaminant results
in a relatively modest increase in the incidence of a disease or
disorder, a large sample size for the study would be needed to detect a
true relationship.<br />
</li><li>There may be factors related to both the exposure and the health
effect—confounding factors—that can make it difficult to detect a
relationship between exposure to environmental contaminants and disease.<br />
</li><li>In many cases, findings from studies in humans and/or laboratory
animals may provide suggestive (rather than conclusive) evidence that
exposures to environmental contaminants contribute to the incidence of a
disease or disorder.</li></ul><p>Nevertheless, extensive and collaborative data collection and
research across the scientific community continue to strengthen
understanding of the relationships between environmental exposures and
disease.</p>
<p>EPA uses the results of scientific research to help identify linkages
between exposure to environmental contaminants and diseases,
conditions, or other health outcomes. These linkages, in turn, identify
environmental contaminants and health outcomes of potential Agency
interest. Research has established a relationship between exposure and
disease for some environmental contaminants including:</p>
<ul><li>Radon and lung cancer.</li><li>Arsenic and cancer in several organs.</li><li>Lead and nervous system disorders.</li><li>Disease-causing bacteria (such as <i>E. coli</i>) and gastrointestinal illness and death.</li><li>Particulate matter and aggravation of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.</li></ul><p>These known linkages guided selection of the Human Exposure and
Health indicators in the ROE. However, because these indicators are
based on data sets representative of the national population (rather
than data from targeted populations) and are not tied to specific
exposures or releases, they do not directly link environmental exposure
with outcome.</p>
<p class="pagetop"><a href="https://www.epa.gov/report-environment/human-exposure-and-health#main-content">Top of Page</a></p>
<h3 class="highlighted"><a id="references" name="references"> </a>References</h3>
<p><a id="note1" name="note1"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Adapted from: Sexton,
K., S.G. Selevan, D.K. Wagener, and J.A. Lybarger. 1992. Estimating
human exposures to environmental pollutants: Availability and utility of
existing databases. Arch. Environ. Health 47(6):398-407.</p>Marina Smithhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639383134826338825noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2522829382047844905.post-87981600308374467302021-03-26T08:01:00.001-04:002021-03-26T08:06:55.026-04:00March 25 is both a national (revolution against the Turks) and religious holiday (Annunciation) of the Greeks (Hellines)<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-k8kSahTmbac/YF3ORYOIeAI/AAAAAAABh8I/ZJsD1MnRpNIwYpr6j02fW5NNm2Cu7ibqwCLcBGAsYHQ/s768/The-Parthenon-in-the-Acropolis-Athens-Greece.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="576" data-original-width="768" height="480" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-k8kSahTmbac/YF3ORYOIeAI/AAAAAAABh8I/ZJsD1MnRpNIwYpr6j02fW5NNm2Cu7ibqwCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h480/The-Parthenon-in-the-Acropolis-Athens-Greece.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6z1E_MrMzg4/YF3ORXzF6BI/AAAAAAABh8A/3qBhHeXs3FUL8FjzOSim-xkfn-aSYqUigCLcBGAsYHQ/s768/Interesting-facts-about-the-Greek-flag.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="576" data-original-width="768" height="480" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6z1E_MrMzg4/YF3ORXzF6BI/AAAAAAABh8A/3qBhHeXs3FUL8FjzOSim-xkfn-aSYqUigCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h480/Interesting-facts-about-the-Greek-flag.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ocfYcuDiBHw/YF3ORcOHOxI/AAAAAAABh8E/TC_SDMWsEucql807o0qCyQbMqhSxuK3BQCLcBGAsYHQ/s831/greek%2Btsolias.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="594" data-original-width="831" height="458" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ocfYcuDiBHw/YF3ORcOHOxI/AAAAAAABh8E/TC_SDMWsEucql807o0qCyQbMqhSxuK3BQCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h458/greek%2Btsolias.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #57acec; color: white; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; padding: 2px; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">March 25, the Independence Day in Greece</h2><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 4px 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">March 25 is both a national (revolution against the Turks) and religious holiday (Annunciation). March 25 is the nameday for Vangelis or Evangelos and Vangelio or Evangelia or Eva.</p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 4px 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">There is a<span> </span><a href="https://www.explorecrete.com/gallery/view_album.php" style="color: #0000cc; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><b style="font-weight: bold;">school flag parade</b></a><span> </span>in every town and village and a big armed forces parade in Athens , the capital of Greece .</p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 4px 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">The Byzantine Empire fell to the Turks in 1453 and the Greeks remained under the Ottoman rule for nearly 400 years. During this time their language, their religion and their sense of identity remained strong.</p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 4px 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><img alt="bishop germanos raising the flag of independence" class="photo" height="323" id="germanos" name="germanos" src="https://www.explorecrete.com/history/images/germanos_patras.jpg" style="border-style: none; display: block; margin: 10px;" width="450" />On March 25, 1821 the bishop<span> </span><b style="font-weight: bold;">Germanos of Patras</b><span> </span>raised the Greek flag at the Monastery of Agia Lavra in Peloponnese and one more revolution started against the Turks. The people of Greece shouted "<b style="font-weight: bold;">Freedom or Death</b>" and they fought the War of Independence for 9 years (1821-1829) until a small part of modern Greece was finally liberated and it was declared an independent nation.</p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 4px 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">The struggle for the liberation of all the lands inhabited by Greeks continued. In 1864, the Ionian islands were added to Greece; in 1881 parts of Epirus and Thessaly. Crete, the islands of the Eastern Aegean and Macedonia were added in 1913 and Western Thrace in 1919. After World War II the Dodecanese islands were also returned to Greece.</p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 4px 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">Read More:</p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 4px 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">-<span> </span><a href="http://www.fhw.gr/chronos/12/en/1821_1833/sources/02.html" style="color: #0000cc; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Epidauros, January 15, 1822. First National Assembly of Independence: Why we started the war against the Turks</a>.</p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 4px 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">- At the end of April 1825, Ibrahim Pascha began the siege of Messolongi, a town in central Greece. Finally, in the night of the 10th to 11th of April 1826 the defenders of the town, which were worn out by the twelve-month siege and the lack of food, attempted a desperate and at the same time heroic exodus. Read about<span> </span><a href="http://www.fhw.gr/chronos/12/en/1821_1833/sources/03.html" style="color: #0000cc; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">the last days before the exodus</a></p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 4px 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">-<span> </span><a href="http://www.fhw.gr/chronos/12/en/1821_1833/diethni/06.html" style="color: #0000cc; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">The Treaty of London for Greek Independence</a>, the first official international act which acknowledged Greece as an independent state</p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 4px 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">-<span> </span><a href="http://www.fhw.gr/chronos/12/en/1821_1833/diethni/11.html" style="color: #0000cc; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Lord Byron</a>, the most famous of the philellenes (friends of Greece)</p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 4px 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">-<a href="http://www.nostos.com/greekrev/" style="color: #0000cc; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span> </span>Important persons of the Greek Independence War</a>: Theodoros Kolokotronis, Georgios Karaiskakis, Constantinos Kanaris, Makriyannis, Manto Mavrogenous, Laskarina Boumboulina, Andreas Miaoulis, Nikitaras, Papaflesas or Gregorios Dikaios.</p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 4px 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">-<span> </span><a href="http://www.myriobiblos.gr/texts/english/makriyannis.html" style="color: #0000cc; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Memoirs (Excerpts) of General Makriyannis</a></p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 4px 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">-<span> </span><a href="http://www.greeceindex.com/political-system/greek_constitution.html" style="color: #0000cc; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">History of the Greek Constitution from the revolution until today (1821 - 2001)</a></p><hr noshade="noshade" size="1" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" /><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 4px 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><b style="font-weight: bold;">The case of Crete</b>:</p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 4px 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">The powerful administrative and military presence of the Ottoman Empire, the populous Muslim community which constituted almost the half of the population and the absence of preparations by the Philiki Etaireia were not in favour of a successful outbreak of the Greek Revolution. Nonetheless, from the end of Spring the revolutionary climate started being formed, especially in inapproachable areas of Chania (Sfakia) and Rethymnon (Anogeia). The Ottoman authorities soon learnt about these movements and proceeded with atrocities against the Christians obviously to intimidate and prevent the outbreak of a revolt. These actions had the contrary result and soon armed conflicts took place in different parts of the island. Sfakia, Anogeia and other mountainous areas constituted the main revolutionary centres and despite the fact that the Ottoman forces continued to control all the forts and strong strategic points of Crete, there was still tension until the first months of 1824. However, from the summer of the previous year (1823) Egyptian troops had landed on Crete and within the next months managed to resist by all means, confronting with great violence the Christian population. Since, the ports of Crete were used by Ibrahim Pasha as naval bases for the operations in the Peloponnese.</p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 4px 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">After more than three years, immediately after the destruction of the Egyptian fleet at Navarino (October 1827), the Greek Revolutionary Administration first and then the governor Ioannis Kapodistrias favoured the creation of revolutionary centres in different regions so that these could be included in the boundaries of the Greek state which were under negotiation. Thus, the uprising in Crete was boosted and upto the end of 1828 successful operations legalized the Greek claims on the island although they could not achieve military prevalence. Two years later the Egyptian powers repressed once again the revolt in Crete.</p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 4px 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">In the following decades more revolts followed: 1833, 1841, 1858, 1866, 1878, 1895.</p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 4px 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">Crete was liberated in 1897 and it remained an Autonomous Principality under prince George of Greece.</p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 4px 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><a id="flag" name="flag" style="color: #0000cc; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></a>On December 1, 1913 the<span> </span><a href="https://www.explorecrete.com/history/crete-greece-union.htm" style="color: #0000cc; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Union of Crete with Greece</a><span> </span>was finally achieved.</p><hr size="1" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" /><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 4px 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><img alt="greek flag" class="photo" height="36" src="https://www.explorecrete.com/images/greek_flag_1.gif" style="border-style: none; display: block; margin: 10px;" width="52" />-<span> </span><b style="font-weight: bold;">About the Greek flag</b>: "Freedom or Death" ( Eleftheria i Thanatos) was the motto during the Greek Revolution against the Ottoman Empire. It is believed that the nine lines of the flag reflects the number of syllables in the greek phrase "Eleftheria i Thanatos" = Freedom or Death.</p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 4px 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">The line pattern was chosen because of their similarity with the wavy sea that surounds the shores of Greece.The interchange of blue and white colors makes the Hellenic Flag on a windy day to look like the Aegean Sea. The Greek Square Cross that rests on the upper left-side ofthe flag demonstrates the respect and the devotion that Greek people have for the Greek Orthodox Church and signifies the important role of Christianity in the formation of the modern Hellenic Nation. During the dark years of the Ottoman rule, the Greek Orthodox Church helped the enslaved Greeks to retain their cultural characteristics: the Greek language, the Byzantine religion and generally the Greek ethnic identity. Today, Christianity is still the dominant religion among Greeks. Therefore the existence of the Cross is justified.</p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 4px 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">LINK:</p><ul style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><li style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-position: inside; padding-bottom: 7px;">More about the<span> </span><a href="http://www.greeceindex.com/About_Greece/Greek_National_Symbols_Flag.html" style="color: #0000cc; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Greek Flag</a></li><li style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-position: inside; padding-bottom: 7px;"><a href="http://www.e-grammes.gr/flags_en.htm" style="color: #0000cc; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Greek Flags</a><span> </span>from the past</li></ul><hr size="1" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" /><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 4px 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">-<span> </span><b style="font-weight: bold;">The Greek National Anthem</b>:<span> </span><b style="font-weight: bold;">Hymn to Liberty (Imnos stin Eleftheria)</b></p><table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; width: 590px; word-spacing: 0px;"><tbody><tr><td width="200"><div align="center">in Greek</div></td><td width="170"><div align="center">Latin Transliteration</div></td><td width="190"><div align="center">English Translation</div></td></tr><tr><td><img height="175" src="https://www.explorecrete.com/images/greek_anthem.gif" style="border-style: none;" width="200" /></td><td>Se gnorizo apo tin kopsi,<br />Tou spathiou tin tromeri,<br />Se gnorizo apo tin opsi,<br />Pou me via metra tin yi.<br />Ap' ta kokala vgalmeni,<br />Ton Ellinon ta iera,<br />Ke san prota andriomeni,<br />Haire, o haire, Eleftheria!<br />(repeat previous two lines three times)</td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">We knew thee of old,<br />Oh, divinely restored,<br />By the lights of thine eyes,<br />And the light of thy Sword,<br />From the graves of our slain,<br />Shall thy valour prevail,<br />As we greet thee again-<br />Hail, Liberty! Hail!<br />(repeat previous two lines three times)</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 4px 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br />Lyrics: Dionysios Solomos, 1824 - Music: Nikolaos Mantzaros, 1828 - Translation:<span> </span><i>Rudyard Kipling<span> </span></i>in 1918</p><table border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; width: 100%px; word-spacing: 0px;"><tbody><tr><td width="56%"><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 4px 0px; text-align: justify;"><b style="font-weight: bold;">Italian translation of the Greek National Anthem by Cesare Sofianopulo</b><span> </span>(Trieste 1951)</p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 4px 0px; text-align: justify;">Ti conosco dal tremendo<br />taglio vivo dell'acciar,<br />ti conosco: va scorrendo<br />l'occhio tuo la terra e il mar.</p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 4px 0px; text-align: justify;">Sorta fuor dalle ossa sante<br />degli Elleni e come già<br />in passato fosti aitante,<br />salve, salve, o Libertà!<br /></p></td><td width="44%"><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 4px 0px; text-align: justify;"><img height="178" src="https://www.explorecrete.com/history/images/SolomosMantzaros.png" style="border-style: none;" width="250" /></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 4px 0px; text-align: justify;">Solomos & Mantzaros</p></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 4px 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">LINKS</p><ul style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><li style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-position: inside; padding-bottom: 7px;"><a href="https://www.explorecrete.com/images/greek_anthem.mid" style="color: #0000cc; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Listen to the Greek National Anthem in midi format</a></li><li style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-position: inside; padding-bottom: 7px;">Get a free<span> </span><a href="http://www.free-nokia-ringtones.uk.com/Greek-National-Anthem.html" style="color: #0000cc; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Greek National Anthem ringtone</a><span> </span>for your Nokia cell phone</li><li style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-position: inside; padding-bottom: 7px;">More information about<a href="http://www.greeceindex.com/About_Greece/Greek_National_Anthem.html" style="color: #0000cc; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span> </span>the Greek National Anthem</a><span> </span>and a different, probably more precise translation of it</li><li style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-position: inside; padding-bottom: 7px;">Take a look at photos from the<a href="https://www.explorecrete.com/gallery/view_album.php" style="color: #0000cc; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span> </span>Independence Day parade in Heraklion</a></li></ul>Marina Smithhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639383134826338825noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2522829382047844905.post-51149504385436713672021-03-26T02:48:00.001-04:002021-03-26T02:48:20.513-04:00The brain of bald eagles and other birds were damaged by neurotoxins produced by cyanobacteria that came into contact with bromide<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0clJLs3RXMo/YF2CVWtnJdI/AAAAAAABh74/A2oOed7b4mQep6krRPsRkazflmF3W9_OACLcBGAsYHQ/s1024/Eagle-cyanobacteria-dead.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="871" data-original-width="1024" height="544" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0clJLs3RXMo/YF2CVWtnJdI/AAAAAAABh74/A2oOed7b4mQep6krRPsRkazflmF3W9_OACLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h544/Eagle-cyanobacteria-dead.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h2 class="">A lethal combination</h2><p id="p-4">Although many human
activities have clear negative effects on the natural world, there are
also unforeseen consequences. Bald eagle mass death events in the
southeastern United States may be one such downstream effect of human
activity. After considerable effort, Breinlinger <em>et al.</em>
identified the cause of these events as an insidious combination of
factors. Colonization of waterways by an invasive, introduced plant
provided a substrate for the growth of a previously unidentified
cyanobacterium. Exposure of this cyanobacterium to bromide, typically
anthropogenic in origin, resulted in the production of a neurotoxin that
both causes neuropathy in animals that prey on the plants and also
bioaccumulates to kill predators such as bald eagles.</p><p id="p-4"> Vacuolar myelinopathy (VM) is a neurological disease characterized by
widespread vacuolization in the white matter of the brain. First
diagnosed in 1994 in bald eagles, it has since spread throughout the
southeastern United States. In addition to avian species such as
waterfowl and birds of prey, VM has also been found to affect
amphibians, reptiles, and fish. Despite intense research efforts, the
cause of this mysterious disease has been elusive. Neither contagious
agents nor xenobiotics were detected in deceased animals, but field and
laboratory studies demonstrated that VM can be transferred through the
food chain from herbivorous fish and wildlife to birds of prey.</p><p id="p-4">============================ <br /></p><p>Athens, Ga. – University of Georgia researchers have formally
identified and named toxic cyanobacteria that have been killing American
bald eagles across the Southeast.</p>
<p>After years of studying the cyanobacteria coating the leaves of water
plants in lakes, researchers in UGA’s Warnell School of Forestry and
Natural Resources have determined that it is a previously undiscovered
species in a new genus. In a paper published recently in the journal
Phytotaxa, they named it Aetokthonos hydrillicola and lay out evidence
that it is responsible for the eagle deaths.</p>
<p>“This new species has a growth form and gene sequence so unusual that
it does not fit into any of the existing families,” said Susan Wilde,
the Warnell professor who has been leading the research. “The naming
convention for cyanobacteria is to use Greek for the genus—Aetokthonos
translates to ‘eagle-killer.’ The species name is always Latin, and
hydrillicola means ‘lives on hydrilla.'”</p>
<p>Beginning in the mid-1990s, American bald eagles started to die off
in noticeable numbers from a neurological disease called avian vacuolar
myelinopathy. AVM was first found in Arkansas in 1994, but over the past
two decades, 160 eagles are known to have died across the Southeast
from the disease, including 80 from one Georgia impoundment on the
Savannah River, the J. Strom Thurmond Reservoir.</p>
<p>Researchers speculate the death toll is actually much higher because
most of the dead birds are never found. And the deaths will continue to
rise and spread to new locations, Wilde said, because “the invasive
hydrilla and associated cyanobacteria spread to new lakes.”</p>
<p>Animals afflicted with AVM develop brain lesions that impair their
motor skills, causing difficulty walking, swimming or flying. Once they
consume the toxin, eagles suffer a neurological breakdown with unique
holes in the brain and spinal cord, then death.</p>
<p>Wilde realized that in virtually every site where bald eagles died,
there was an intense invasion of hydrilla, an invasive aquatic plant
native to Asia and considered the ultimate aquatic weed in freshwater
locations where it is found. She hypothesized that the eagles were
eating tainted prey: waterbirds called coots eat the hydrilla, develop
AVM, then pass it on to the eagles who prey on them as food. She just
had to figure out why that was happening, and a close examination of the
hydrilla led her to the culprit-blue-green algae coating the leaves of
the very plants the coots were eating, confirmed at every location where
birds were dying from AVM.</p>
<p>Over the past few years, Wilde has been collecting samples from every
site of an AVM eagle death, taking slimy hydrilla to her Warnell lab
for analysis. She found that Lake Thurmond near Augusta has the highest
cyanobacterial concentration of the 20 confirmed AVM sites in six
states.</p>
<p>Since 2008, she has been testing these samples using DNA sequencing,
light microscopy, epiflourescent microscopy, scanning and transmission
electron microscopy and other tests to identify its characteristics. She
and her team originally placed the cyanobacteria in the order
Stigonematales, but their tests show Aetokthonos hydrillicola is
actually in a new genus and is unique even at the family level.</p>
<p>Wilde’s co-authors on the study include Jeffrey Johansen of John
Carroll University, Dayton Wilde and Peng Jiang of the UGA department of
horticulture, former Warnell student Bradley Bartelme now at
EnviroScience, and Rebecca Haynie, a former toxicologist in Wilde’s lab
now at the SePRO Corporation.</p>
<p>Aetokthonos hydrillicola’s growth is strange even for cyanobacteria.
It forms large colonies that branch out horizontally and vertically on
the hydrilla leaves but is not found in the water or sediment.
Cyanobacterial blooms that cause wildlife, livestock and even human
health concerns are increasing in recent decades and mostly occur in the
water column. Another UGA project called CyanoTracker (<a href="http://www.cyanotracker.uga.edu/">http://www.cyanotracker.uga.edu/</a>)
has started to trace these cyanobacterial water blooms using social
media. This new species associated with eagle deaths is hiding on the
underside of the aquatic plants, so it is more difficult to detect.</p>
<p>In order to test the theory that the cyanobacteria is producing the
neurotoxin that causes disease in birds, the researchers studied many
lakes with hydrilla infestations. Some had the new cyanobacterial
colonies on the leaves, but many did not. By monitoring both types, the
researchers demonstrated only the lakes with Aetokthonos hydrillicola
have birds suffering and dying from AVM.</p>
<p>Wilde said now that they have strong evidence for what’s causing the
AVM deaths, she will need to find out what environmental conditions are
promoting Aetokthonos hydrillicola.</p>
<p>“It’s already in lakes from North Carolina to Texas,” Wilde said,
“and if it continues to spread, it could greatly undermine the bald
eagle’s recovery and threaten other birds and aquatic wildlife. We
already know that grass carp and turtles can develop the same AVM
lesions, but we need to find out how it can affect the rest of the
aquatic food web.”</p>
<p>A solution to stopping the spread of Aetokthonos hydrillicola might
not be easy, but one idea involves releasing grass-eating carp into
affected lakes, a tactic that was successful in Lake Murray in South
Carolina, where 64,000 carp ate 3,880 acres of the invasive plant over
two years. Unfortunately, she said, this non-native, sterile carp
consumes other desirable water plants important for fish and wildlife
habitat.</p>
<p>The study is available online at <a href="http://www.biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.181.5.1">http://www.biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.181.5.1</a>.</p>Marina Smithhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639383134826338825noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2522829382047844905.post-68946157214215129022021-03-25T15:02:00.005-04:002021-03-25T15:02:30.924-04:00US EPA Withdraws Plantwide Applicability Limit Permit for Limetree Bay Refinery in the U.S. Virgin Islands, Will Review Clean Air Act Requirements for the Facility<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p align="center" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></strong></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-trQh7JyKZlI/YFzeLQG5liI/AAAAAAABh7s/YnfJEtpqPRsGFU5kWGjRTOm68yKJafONQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1383/limetree%2Bbay%2Brefinery2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="911" data-original-width="1383" height="422" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-trQh7JyKZlI/YFzeLQG5liI/AAAAAAABh7s/YnfJEtpqPRsGFU5kWGjRTOm68yKJafONQCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h422/limetree%2Bbay%2Brefinery2.JPG" width="640" /></a></strong></div><strong><br /><br /> </strong><p></p><p align="center" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">EPA Withdraws Plantwide Applicability
Limit Permit for Limetree Bay Refinery in the U.S. Virgin Islands, Will Review
Clean Air Act Requirements for the Facility</span></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">NEW
YORK (March 25, 2021)</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;"> – Amid concerns raised by and appeals filed by
non-governmental organizations, members of the community and the company
itself, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has withdrawn its Clean
Air Act “plantwide applicability limit” (PAL) permit for the Limetree Bay
Terminals and Limetree Bay Refining facility on St. Croix in the U.S. Virgin
Islands originally issued by EPA on December 2, 2020. The Limetree Bay facility
is located in a community with environmental justice concerns. Ensuring that
the needs of overburdened communities are taken into account is a priority for
EPA. The withdrawal of the PAL permit does not require the facility to
discontinue operations.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">EPA
is reconsidering the PAL permit in light of information received during the
permitting process and President Biden’s executive orders that federal agencies
review environmental actions taken during the previous administration. EPA will
undertake a thoughtful, timely, technical and legal review of the regulatory
requirements applicable to the facility under the Clean Air Act that will
engage a broad range of stakeholders. A Clean Air Act PAL permit like the one
issued to Limetree Bay gives a regulated entity some flexibility for how it
manages air pollution emissions from modifications at a permitted facility.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">“Withdrawing
this permit will allow EPA to reassess what measures are required at the
Limetree facility to safeguard the health of local communities in the Virgin
Islands, while providing regulatory certainty to the company,” <strong><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">said EPA acting Regional
Administrator Walter Mugdan.</span></strong> “Today’s decision exemplifies good
governance and EPA’s commitment to addressing critical environmental justice
and economic concerns in the Virgin Islands with a broad range of
stakeholders.”</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">While
the PAL permit was issued on December 2, 2020, it never became effective under
EPA regulations due to the timely appeals that were filed with EPA’s
Environmental Appeals Board (EAB) by a consortium of environmental and
community groups as well as Limetree Bay itself. In their appeals, both sides
asked that the permit be sent back to EPA so the Agency could consider their
objections to the permit.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">By
withdrawing the permit today, EPA can consult with the affected parties,
reassess the permit, and review the legal requirements applicable to the
facility under the Clean Air Act outside of EAB’s process. EPA’s withdrawal
renders moot the appeals of the permit to the EAB and withdraws the Agency’s
responses to comments filed in support of the December 2020 permit.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IKWq7KOwOFw/YFzeLQ0me-I/AAAAAAABh7o/pga5mZyM73woRQfoBz5_s-DcbNujy8QOwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1492/limetree%2Bbay%2Brefinery.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="848" data-original-width="1492" height="364" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IKWq7KOwOFw/YFzeLQ0me-I/AAAAAAABh7o/pga5mZyM73woRQfoBz5_s-DcbNujy8QOwCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h364/limetree%2Bbay%2Brefinery.JPG" width="640" /></a></span></strong> <br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">The
result of the withdrawal is that Limetree Bay, at this time, will not be
afforded the operational flexibilities provided by the PAL provisions of EPA’s
Prevention of Significant Deterioration regulations under the Clean Air Act.
EPA’s withdrawal of the PAL permit does not affect Limetree Bay’s obligation to
comply with existing Clean Air Act requirements, including multiple federal
pollution control standards under the New Source Performance Standard and
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants programs and various
PSD permits issued by EPA. Limetree also has ongoing obligations under permits
issued by the U.S. Virgin Islands. The facility is also subject to a Clean Air
Act consent decree.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">The
Limetree Bay Terminals and Limetree Bay Refining facility is a complex,
integrated petroleum refinery, consisting of refinery process units and various
supporting operations including sulfur recovery plants, steam and electric
power generation via boilers and gas turbine cogeneration units, wastewater
treatment, and a marine terminal.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">To
read EPA’s withdrawal notice and for more information including a fact sheet,
go to: <a href="https://u7061146.ct.sendgrid.net/ls/click?upn=4tNED-2FM8iDZJQyQ53jATUT1Z0lfWI-2FpPfqblSv9SV66Rn9-2FOdqPeZeTuYgMn9h9DeAtX-2B0ZCQtZ6OsW0tzqhlceNqImOTAXxaImwR-2FqdjFpd9-2BtKswTbRDL0telb8kMl6yE6_lSuyR-2FtCWG6Dy3Z6x0krrp4XO0HHfJZhuV5q8fzCjh5dceYnlSbpSO6Dehla8xVbP61A5wQC4KuZxELf5CY2EGNZwYmZl1jqPQhk4xVS-2FtJKFlAqa2BuSSoNK3-2Fuijz4iZnRmrHdP1e6UDmkA8-2B7ZxO67zkXTff2BjIdGrWpxcgofeNmXCHsBB8uROuCXxjDB4JV5-2FE099AglAm8v7BzghnyhZho3xpc6E2ZeDrauJjmjrJdKLFjfjHb0kcTJlc0KAbdtsV5ZMQ4f8Ld46eyki3iRHEpv15KyAmakIkOqP9FdM-2BsFY2n1yl8uHcSIqFE9uRo0SM2UJyn1gX4yiz0aZW4PAtOPJ3UyOP79Dre9kc-3D">https://www.epa.gov/caa-permitting/caa-permits-issued-epa-region-2#palpermits</a>.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>Marina Smithhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639383134826338825noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2522829382047844905.post-53245994563931863412021-03-23T06:40:00.001-04:002021-03-23T06:40:08.026-04:00Metropolitan Engineering, Consulting & Forensics (MECF) <p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-euayVSO2mW0/YFnFbZ5-v5I/AAAAAAABh7g/QW2RP8Rdk-4MtVw_P1Zmh7wSHbeWSViFQCLcBGAsYHQ/s799/chevron%2Brefinery%2Bfire.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="596" data-original-width="799" height="478" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-euayVSO2mW0/YFnFbZ5-v5I/AAAAAAABh7g/QW2RP8Rdk-4MtVw_P1Zmh7wSHbeWSViFQCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h478/chevron%2Brefinery%2Bfire.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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(MECF) </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Providing Competent,
Expert and Objective Investigative Engineering and Consulting Services. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Our experts are multi-skilled, competent, and objective professionals
who apply their analytical and common sense skills to reconstruct, determine
the root cause, and document the events that give rise to property, casualty,
and liability claims.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thorough
investigations and detailed measurements/research help us distinguish between
pre-existing conditions and sudden and accidental losses.</span></p>
<p><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Our
investigations are:</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif""></span></p>
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<p style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"">Legible
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</span></span></span><i><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"">Delivered
Quickly</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif""></span></i></p>
<p style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"">Cost
Effective</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif""></span></i></p>
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</span></span></span><i><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"">Clear
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</span></span></span><i><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"">Developed
by Professionals</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif""></span></i></p>
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</span></span></span><i><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"">Dependable</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif""></span></i></p>
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</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Our own
uniform reporting system saves time and money.</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif""></span></i></p>
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Investigation and Uniform Format Reporting systems allow us to conduct and
deliver a comprehensive response to the assigned claim.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In most cases, we will obtain findings based
on a site visit, visual observations, photographs, interviews, and field
measurements.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Further investigations and
testing will be provided upon request and approval by the client.</span></p>
Marina Smithhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639383134826338825noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2522829382047844905.post-87632264417048570572021-03-23T06:34:00.000-04:002021-03-23T06:34:14.809-04:00 STORMWATER MANAGEMENT<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--QdRumNhzUg/YFnDvmqLr4I/AAAAAAABh6g/O48QJy6XdVArSATFqZAOyPQNVHh4iXbYgCLcBGAsYHQ/s980/SantaMonica_unknown.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="735" data-original-width="980" height="480" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--QdRumNhzUg/YFnDvmqLr4I/AAAAAAABh6g/O48QJy6XdVArSATFqZAOyPQNVHh4iXbYgCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h480/SantaMonica_unknown.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-v5nmuwjWHnM/YFnDvdW4n3I/AAAAAAABh6U/33-nzTxTSD88jNhipruh4EUVpA4zZ1a8ACLcBGAsYHQ/s698/Emeryville_unknown.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="579" data-original-width="698" height="530" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-v5nmuwjWHnM/YFnDvdW4n3I/AAAAAAABh6U/33-nzTxTSD88jNhipruh4EUVpA4zZ1a8ACLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h530/Emeryville_unknown.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kbpiGT4QQp4/YFnDwS4SSxI/AAAAAAABh6o/KaYXU1g2t7ELLCsj41n7hPnqL9emtU85gCLcBGAsYHQ/s480/emeryville.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="343" data-original-width="480" height="458" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kbpiGT4QQp4/YFnDwS4SSxI/AAAAAAABh6o/KaYXU1g2t7ELLCsj41n7hPnqL9emtU85gCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h458/emeryville.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qzdOD1mVaKU/YFnDv6mcMzI/AAAAAAABh6k/Tp3EyLBGwk0bRTzn0Gdy-vOs9bAoKHyMwCLcBGAsYHQ/s381/bioswale%2B34.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="283" data-original-width="381" height="476" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qzdOD1mVaKU/YFnDv6mcMzI/AAAAAAABh6k/Tp3EyLBGwk0bRTzn0Gdy-vOs9bAoKHyMwCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h476/bioswale%2B34.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">STORMWATER MANAGEMENT</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">APPLICATION</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Conventional stormwater management infrastructure has been engineered
to move the largest volume of water from a site as quickly as possible,
collecting surface runoff in subsurface structures.<u><sup><span style="color: blue;">2</span></sup></u> Sustainable stormwater management
captures water closer to the source, reducing combined sewer overflows (CSOs),
ponding, and roadway flooding. In the process, rain water issued as an asset to
improve urban ecology, microclimates, air quality, and the aesthetic quality of
the public realm. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">Sustainable
stormwater management aims to achieve the following goals:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Improve
water quality</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;">Vegetated strips and swales filter
and reduce sediment and filter pollutants through settling, physical filtration
in the soil matrix, biological breakdown by microbes, and nutrient uptake by
plants. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Detain
stormwater flows </b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Stormwater runoff is detained in facilities such as <u><span style="color: blue;">flow-through planters</span></u>, <u><span style="color: blue;">pervious pavements</span></u>, and <u><span style="color: blue;">bioswales</span></u>.
Detaining the flows mitigates the peak flow rates from the rain event, which in
turn helps reduce erosion, loss of nutrients, scouring, and load-carrying
capacity.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Reduce stormwater
volumes<br />
</b>Overall stormwater runoff volumes may be reduced by designing facilities
that absorb and infiltrate rain water in place. Water-tolerant plant root
systems maintain the porosity of the soil while taking up excess water in the
stormwater facility. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Relieve burden on
municipal waste systems</b><br />
Sustainable stormwater systems reduce the amount of stress on a city’s
wastewater treatment facilities, and may reduce long-term costs if applied at a
citywide scale.<u><sup><span style="color: blue;">4</span></sup></u> Unlike
traditional infrastructure, which does not add any additional value beyond its
stormwater conveyance function, green infrastructure can be incorporated into
neighborhood parks and landscaping.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-w9C6FzeE9IE/YFnDvWJLAAI/AAAAAAABh6c/-lnHHRR4djUdWN7RpbHtYPsYrsIo-tjFgCLcBGAsYHQ/s582/Planter4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="582" data-original-width="440" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-w9C6FzeE9IE/YFnDvWJLAAI/AAAAAAABh6c/-lnHHRR4djUdWN7RpbHtYPsYrsIo-tjFgCLcBGAsYHQ/w484-h640/Planter4.jpg" width="484" /></a> <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Benefits and
Considerations</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Sustainable stormwater management can prove less costly than
upgrading large sub-grade pipe networks, and allows for flexible, modular
installation. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A 2007 U.S. EPA study found lower total costs for 11 of 12
green infrastructure projects when compared to equivalent grey infrastructure
projects. The EPA study found the reliance on natural conveyance systems
significantly reduced structural costs throughout the stormwater management
chain. The opportunity to incorporate green infrastructure into other
structures and landscaping also reduces the overall footprint of stormwater
management infrastructure. Jeffrey Odefey et al., Banking On Green: A Look at
How Green Infrastructure Can Save Municipalities Money and Provide Economic
Benefits Community-wide (American Rivers, Water Environment Federation,
American Society of Landscape Architects, and ECONorthwest, 2012).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Maintenance agreements are necessary to establish
responsibility for the upkeep of the facility. Agreements may be secured
through a specific city agency, neighborhood or business association, or be
assumed by the adjacent business or property owner.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Facility design must account for the physical constraints of
the site, the presence of subsurface utilities, the local climate, and the
feasibility of maintenance agreements. An experienced geotechnical engineer
should verify partial or full infiltration conditions of the native soils.
Native soil conditions, site slopes, native plantings, and location within the
existing watershed should all be considered in the design process. Infiltration
facilities should only be located in Class A or B soils.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sopWDXAvESI/YFnDxFYOfjI/AAAAAAABh6s/8ltL9ItxObUmoSxpzFxMecI9sgtFjFqsQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/pavers-increase-swk-width.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sopWDXAvESI/YFnDxFYOfjI/AAAAAAABh6s/8ltL9ItxObUmoSxpzFxMecI9sgtFjFqsQCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h480/pavers-increase-swk-width.jpg" width="640" /></a> <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Footnotes</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Low Impact
Development (LID),” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, accessed June 3,
2013. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Noah Garrison and Karen Hobbs, Rooftops to Rivers II: Green
strategies for controlling stormwater and combined sewer overflows (Washington,
D.C.: National Resources Defense Council, 2011).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“Managing Urban Runoff,” U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, accessed June 3, 2013. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“<em>Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Stormwater Management</em>,”
New Hampshire Stormwater Manual (Concord: New Hampshire Department of
Environmental Services, 2006).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“Deconstructing Green Infrastructure,” Erosion Control,
accessed June 3, 2013.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“Why Green Infrastructure,” U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, accessed June 3, 2013.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Jeffrey Odefey et al., Banking On Green: A Look at How Green
Infrastructure Can Save Municipalities Money and Provide Economic Benefits
Community-wide (American Rivers, Water Environment Federation, American Society
of Landscape Architects, and ECONorthwest, 2012).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Green City, Clean Waters: Green Infrastructure Maintenance
Manual Development Process Plan (Philadelphia: Philadelphia Water Department,
2012).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Evaluation of Urban Soils: Suitability for Green
Infrastructure or Urban Agriculture, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 2011).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> <a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MxldM7iNkfg/YFnDvSO7QVI/AAAAAAABh6Y/jX-LFknIeXUENA24Gw5lcyYXX4f4Vl28ACLcBGAsYHQ/s980/DC_streetplaza.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="735" data-original-width="980" height="480" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MxldM7iNkfg/YFnDvSO7QVI/AAAAAAABh6Y/jX-LFknIeXUENA24Gw5lcyYXX4f4Vl28ACLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h480/DC_streetplaza.jpg" width="640" /></a></p>
Marina Smithhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639383134826338825noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2522829382047844905.post-43570904758411914582021-03-22T08:41:00.002-04:002021-03-22T08:41:31.947-04:00 Bioswales are the most effective type of green infrastructure facility in slowing runoff velocity and cleansing water while recharging the underlying groundwater table.<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pKCI-l6eL7w/YFiQPv68DpI/AAAAAAABh6I/CDBJElawHMIYFxXmuE6dmzjOQBIWvSmJwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1208/bioswale%2B2.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="885" data-original-width="1208" height="468" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pKCI-l6eL7w/YFiQPv68DpI/AAAAAAABh6I/CDBJElawHMIYFxXmuE6dmzjOQBIWvSmJwCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h468/bioswale%2B2.JPG" width="640" /></a><p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">CRITICAL DESIGN ITEMS</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bioswales
require appropriate media composition for soil construction. The engineered
soil mixture should consist of 5% maximum clay content. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ensure
that infiltration rates meet their minimum and maximum criteria. The engineered
soil mixture must be designed to pass 5–10 inches of rain water per hour. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Verify
that underlying native soils are not contaminated prior to implementation.
Prior contamination may undermine the purpose of the facility and must be
remediated before installation. Infiltration facilities should only be located
in class A or B soils. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bioswales
have a slight longitudinal slope that moves water along the surface to allow
sediments and pollutants to settle out. In-place infiltration then allows
localized groundwater recharge. Ideal side slopes are 4:1, with a maximum slope
of 3:1.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Protect
adjacent subsurface infrastructure by maintaining minimum clearances. Install
waterproof liners as separation barriers or construct a deep curb to separate
the roadbed subgrade or parallel utility line from the facility. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maintain
a 5-foot minimum clearance from the bottom of the bioswale to high groundwater
table. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Raise
the overflow/bypass drain system approximately 6 inches above the soil surface
to manage storms larger than the water quality event. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oBSXDB7b_J4/YFiPf43vQ4I/AAAAAAABh5w/CAzjaoAMSxMhLKg2aniZ5JvP-J6tXWczgCLcBGAsYHQ/s381/bioswale%2B34.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="283" data-original-width="381" height="476" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oBSXDB7b_J4/YFiPf43vQ4I/AAAAAAABh5w/CAzjaoAMSxMhLKg2aniZ5JvP-J6tXWczgCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h476/bioswale%2B34.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>Runoff that enters the bioswale in a sheetflow fashion
requires that the edge of the bioswale be flush with grade. Where curbs are
necessary, intermittently space curb cuts to allow runoff to enter and be
treated within the swale. Both sheetflow and curb cut systems must allow for a
minimum 2-inch drop in grade between the street grade and the finished grade of
the facility. Curb cuts should be at least 18 inches wide and spaced from 3–15
feet apart.<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">RECOMMENDED PRACTICES</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bioswales
should be composed of diverse, native vegetation. Vegetation selection should
consider species compatibility, minimum irrigation requirements, and the
potential for wildlife habitat creation. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To
reduce exit velocities and prevent erosion, use pretreatment exit energy
dissipaters, such as rocks. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If
the longitudinal slope exceeds 4%, utilize check dams, berms or weirs to create
a step-down gradient. Limit the maximum ponding depth to 6–12 inches. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Discourage
pedestrian trampling by using low curbs or barriers, or hardy vegetative ground
covers. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bioswales
are not recommended in locations with low infiltration rates because standing
water, localized flooding, and other issues can cause problems within the
street and sidewalk in an urban environment</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<br /><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-o8TjdUYBZis/YFiPgWyPKuI/AAAAAAABh54/2fDP8y_Rym0BV3l5pt4oAC1j4nByobefQCLcBGAsYHQ/s973/bioswale.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="973" data-original-width="721" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-o8TjdUYBZis/YFiPgWyPKuI/AAAAAAABh54/2fDP8y_Rym0BV3l5pt4oAC1j4nByobefQCLcBGAsYHQ/w474-h640/bioswale.JPG" width="474" /></a></div><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NpaGbc4ZhiQ/YFiQPsy4FQI/AAAAAAABh6M/JSPFFl371UcmWaCec5RQn0vKh9o9e43KgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1151/bioswale%2B3.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="793" data-original-width="1151" height="440" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NpaGbc4ZhiQ/YFiQPsy4FQI/AAAAAAABh6M/JSPFFl371UcmWaCec5RQn0vKh9o9e43KgCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h440/bioswale%2B3.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br />Marina Smithhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639383134826338825noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2522829382047844905.post-30332642675958235992021-03-21T06:46:00.003-04:002021-03-21T06:46:51.522-04:00Incorporating green infrastructure into transit street design can improve water quality, detain stormwater flows, reduce the volume of stormwater runoff, and relieve burden on municipal water treatment systems.<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VacGXvVaur4/YFcjYWFgLOI/AAAAAAABh5M/jvDG_2bJYlEf7SnE2LjYgJ1hcoGAekLqQCLcBGAsYHQ/s960/Ben-Baldwin-ns-shared-bus-streetcar-curb-extension-with-stormwater-planter-and-tree.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="480" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VacGXvVaur4/YFcjYWFgLOI/AAAAAAABh5M/jvDG_2bJYlEf7SnE2LjYgJ1hcoGAekLqQCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h480/Ben-Baldwin-ns-shared-bus-streetcar-curb-extension-with-stormwater-planter-and-tree.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><!--[if !mso]>
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<p></p><p class="p1"><b>Incorporating green infrastructure into transit street design
can improve water quality, detain stormwater flows, reduce the volume of
stormwater runoff, and relieve burden on municipal water treatment systems.</b></p>
<p class="p1"><b>Green infrastructure can complement transit by calming traffic,
enhancing comfort while waiting for transit, and creating opportunities
for safer pedestrian crossing at bus bulbs and curb extensions with green
infrastructure.</b></p>
<section class="block_contents flexible twocol_weighted">
<p class="MsoNormal">APPLICATION</p>
<p class="p2">Integrate green infrastructure into sidewalks, medians, curbs, and
other features, including bioswales, flow-through planters, or pervious strips.</p>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<hr align="center" size="3" width="100%" />
</div>
<p class="p2">At stations and terminals, an enhanced landscape can improve
aesthetic appearance, user comfort, and ecological performance.</p>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<hr align="center" size="3" width="100%" />
</div>
<h3>BENEFITS</h3>
<p class="p2">A tree canopy and green features can improve transit experience for
waiting riders, increasing comfort and reducing perceived wait time.</p>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<hr align="center" size="3" width="100%" />
</div>
<p class="p2">Green infrastructure improves the natural ecosystem and reduces
harmful pollutants. Where vehicles leave oil and other pollutants on the road
surface, a bioswale facility can prevent large amounts of pollution from
entering the watershed.</p>
<h3>CONSIDERATIONS</h3>
<p class="p2">Select appropriate plantings; in dry climates, drought-resistant
landscaping (xeriscaping) reduces water and maintenance requirements.</p>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<hr align="center" size="3" width="100%" />
</div>
<p class="p2">Choose green infrastructure based on pedestrian volume and the
intensity of use on a sidewalk.</p>
<h3>RECOMMENDED</h3>
<p class="p2">As required, install a perforated pipe at the base of the facility
to collect the treated runoff.</p>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0iwEhCbEtIQ/YFckAl6JheI/AAAAAAABh5U/-1231vfiUrATKa2Y0ZK-ooaITvxhCJEPACLcBGAsYHQ/s536/bioswales.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="239" data-original-width="536" height="286" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0iwEhCbEtIQ/YFckAl6JheI/AAAAAAABh5U/-1231vfiUrATKa2Y0ZK-ooaITvxhCJEPACLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h286/bioswales.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-junsgJZg4Wg/YFckAztlVCI/AAAAAAABh5Y/a1pS3s9tB18gsZDLzX--4dSoAdKvX_8JACLcBGAsYHQ/s746/stormwater%2Bmanagement1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="247" data-original-width="746" height="212" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-junsgJZg4Wg/YFckAztlVCI/AAAAAAABh5Y/a1pS3s9tB18gsZDLzX--4dSoAdKvX_8JACLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h212/stormwater%2Bmanagement1.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><hr align="center" size="3" width="100%" />
</div>
<p class="p2">Bioswales have a slight longitudinal slope that moves water along
the surface to allow sediments and pollutants to settle out. In-place
infiltration then allows localized groundwater to recharge. Ideal side slopes
are 4:1, with a maximum slope of 3:1. Use a maximum 2% gentle side slope to
direct water flow into the facility.Use appropriate media composition for soil
construction. The engineered soil mixture should consist of 5% maximum clay
content.</p>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<hr align="center" size="3" width="100%" />
</div>
<p class="p2">The planter should drain within 24 hours; this is especially
critical near transit stops where pooling can degrade transit access.</p>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<hr align="center" size="3" width="100%" />
</div>
<p class="p2">Ensure that infiltration rates meet their minimum and maximum
criteria. The engineered soil mixture should be designed to pass 5–10 inches of
rain water per hour.</p>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<hr align="center" size="3" width="100%" />
</div>
<p class="p2">Where a near-side boarding bulb is combined with a turn
restriction, design the curb to self-enforce the turn restriction and monitor
closely to ensure that transit vehicles are not suffering from delays.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
</section>Marina Smithhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639383134826338825noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2522829382047844905.post-28717954273886500582021-03-21T06:34:00.003-04:002021-03-21T06:34:16.461-04:00Drinking water sources are subject to contamination and require appropriate treatment to remove disease-causing agents
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3TpKqPICP9c/YFcg_wBvP-I/AAAAAAABh5A/95sN51tj5bg3PWe8l4i2Rt9eUdKC8s7_wCLcBGAsYHQ/s703/drinking%2Bwater%2Btreatment.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="427" data-original-width="703" height="388" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3TpKqPICP9c/YFcg_wBvP-I/AAAAAAABh5A/95sN51tj5bg3PWe8l4i2Rt9eUdKC8s7_wCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h388/drinking%2Bwater%2Btreatment.JPG" width="640" /></a></b></div><b><br /><br />Community Water Treatment</b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Drinking water supplies in the
United States are among the safest in the world. However, even in the U.S.,
drinking water sources can become contaminated, causing sickness and disease
from <u>waterborne germs</u>, such as <i>Cryptosporidium</i>, <i>E. coli</i>,
Hepatitis A, <i>Giardia intestinalis</i>, and other pathogens.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Drinking water sources are subject
to contamination and require appropriate treatment to remove disease-causing
agents. Public drinking water systems use various methods of water treatment to
provide safe drinking water for their communities. Today, the most common steps
in water treatment used by community water systems (mainly surface water
treatment) include:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Coagulation
and Flocculation </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Coagulation
and flocculation are often the first steps in water treatment. Chemicals with a
positive charge are added to the water. The positive charge of these chemicals
neutralizes the negative charge of dirt and other dissolved particles in the
water. When this occurs, the particles bind with the chemicals and form larger
particles, called floc.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sedimentation
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">During
sedimentation, floc settles to the bottom of the water supply, due to its
weight. This settling process is called sedimentation.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Filtration
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Once the
floc has settled to the bottom of the water supply, the clear water on top will
pass through filters of varying compositions (sand, gravel, and charcoal) and
pore sizes, in order to remove dissolved particles, such as dust, parasites,
bacteria, viruses, and chemicals.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Disinfection
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After the
water has been filtered, a disinfectant (for example, chlorine, chloramine) may
be added in order to kill any remaining parasites, bacteria, and viruses, and
to protect the water from germs when it is piped to homes and businesses.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Water may be treated differently in
different communities depending on the quality of the water that enters the
treatment plant. Typically, surface water requires more treatment and
filtration than ground water because lakes, rivers, and streams contain more
sediment and pollutants and are more likely to be contaminated than ground
water.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Some water supplies may also contain
disinfections by-products, inorganic chemicals, organic chemicals, and
radionuclides. Specialized methods for controlling formation or removing them
can also be part of water treatment. To learn more about the different treatments
for drinking water, see the National Drinking Water Clearinghouse’s <u>Fact
Sheet Series on Drinking Water TreatmentsExternal</u>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To learn more about the steps that
are taken to make our water safe to drink, visit the United States
Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) <u>Public Drinking Water Systems
webpageExternal</u>. To learn more about the 90+ contaminants EPA regulates and
why, visit EPA’s <u>Drinking Water ContaminantsExternal</u> page.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-indent: 0in;"><a name="fluoride"></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Water Fluoridation</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Community water fluoridation
prevents tooth decay safely and effectively. Water fluoridation has been named
one of 10 great public health achievements of the 20th century <u><sup>1</sup></u>.
For more information on the fluoridation process and to find details on your
water system’s fluoridation, visit CDC’s <u>Community Water Fluoridation</u>
page.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PGokUzkRHVI/YFcg_0X39GI/AAAAAAABh48/y5d-8SLyqJ4LqpdHPOT6qqpOO-SZxmCkgCLcBGAsYHQ/s712/water%2Btreatment%2Bprocess.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="317" data-original-width="712" height="285" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PGokUzkRHVI/YFcg_0X39GI/AAAAAAABh48/y5d-8SLyqJ4LqpdHPOT6qqpOO-SZxmCkgCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h285/water%2Btreatment%2Bprocess.JPG" width="640" /></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-indent: 0in;"><a name="ccr"></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Consumer Confidence Reports</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Every community water supplier must
provide an annual report, sometimes called a Consumer Confidence Report, or
“CCR,” to its customers. The report provides information on your local drinking
water quality, including the water’s source, contaminants found in the water,
and how consumers can get involved in protecting drinking water.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-indent: 0in;"><a name="household"></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Household Water Treatment</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Even though EPA regulates and sets
standards for public drinking water, many Americans use a home water treatment
unit to:</span></p>
<ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Remove specific contaminants</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Take extra precautions because a household member has a
compromised immune system</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Improve the taste of drinking water</span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Household water treatment systems
are composed of two categories: <u>point-of-use and point-of-entryExternal</u>
(NSF). Point-of-entry systems are typically installed after the water meter and
treat most of the water entering a residence. Point-of-use systems are systems
that treat water in batches and deliver water to a tap, such as a kitchen or
bathroom sink or an auxiliary faucet mounted next to a tap.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The most common types of household
water treatment systems consist of:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Filtration
Systems<br />
A water filter is a device which removes impurities from water by means of a
physical barrier, chemical, and/or biological process. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Water
Softeners<br />
A water softener is a device that reduces the hardness of the water. A water
softener typically uses sodium or potassium ions to replace calcium and
magnesium ions, the ions that create “hardness.” </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Distillation
Systems<br />
Distillation is a process in which impure water is boiled and the steam is
collected and condensed in a separate container, leaving many of the solid
contaminants behind. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Disinfection<br />
Disinfection is a physical or chemical process in which pathogenic
microorganisms are deactivated or killed. Examples of chemical disinfectants
are chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and ozone. Examples of physical disinfectants
include ultraviolet light, electronic radiation, and heat.</span></p>
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<![endif]-->Marina Smithhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639383134826338825noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2522829382047844905.post-31891165751862654172021-03-16T14:09:00.003-04:002021-03-16T14:09:44.476-04:00Exposure to ground-level ozone can cause respiratory issues, aggravate asthma and other lung diseases <p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-doIK5wSzsnk/YFD0KVVoxAI/AAAAAAABh4k/Y57QX70Y9fsbD9WUxd0RWCb1hfp9wnJVACLcBGAsYHQ/s715/smog%2Bpower%2Bplants.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="438" data-original-width="715" height="392" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-doIK5wSzsnk/YFD0KVVoxAI/AAAAAAABh4k/Y57QX70Y9fsbD9WUxd0RWCb1hfp9wnJVACLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h392/smog%2Bpower%2Bplants.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p></p><p align="center" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt;">EPA Strengthens Key Power Plant
Rule to Reduce Smog this Summer and Improve Air Quality for
Millions of Americans</span></strong></p><p>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />
</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">WASHINGTON</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> —</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
is finalizing revisions to the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR) Update
to help areas affected by pollution emitted by power plants in other
states meet the 2008 national ambient air quality standards
(NAAQS) for ground-level ozone, commonly referred to
as smog. Starting this summer, power plants in 12 states will be
required to cut smog-forming emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) that
contribute to unhealthy air quality in communities downwind by installing,
improving or upgrading pollution controls. Exposure to ground-level ozone
can cause respiratory issues, aggravate asthma and other lung
diseases and lead to missed days of work or school, emergency room
visits and premature deaths. <br />
<br />
“EPA plays a critical role by working with states and the power sector to
prevent pollution released in one state from harming the health and air quality
of its neighbors,” <strong>said EPA Administrator Michael Regan.</strong> “The
action we are taking today will not only help states meet their clean air
obligations, but, more importantly, deliver cleaner, healthier air to millions
of Americans starting this summer.”<br />
<br />
EPA estimates that the Revised CSAPR Update will reduce NOx emissions from
power plants in 12 states in the eastern United States by 17,000
tons beginning in 2021 compared to projections without the rule. Due
to this rulemaking and other changes already underway in the power sector,
ozone season NOx emissions in these 12 states will be nearly 25,000 tons lower
in 2021 than in 2019, a reduction of 19 percent. The reduction in
emissions is estimated to prevent about 290,000 asthma events, 560 hospital
and emergency room visits, 110,000 days of missed work and school,
and up to 230 premature deaths in 2025. The public health and
climate benefits are valued annually, on average, at up to $2.8
billion each year over the period 2021 to 2040.<br />
<br />
Required at power plants in 12 upwind states, the additional
emissions reductions are based on both improving the
performance or utilization of pollution controls already installed
beginning in the 2021 ozone season and installation or upgrade of
state-of-the-art NOx combustion controls beginning in the 2022 ozone season.
The reductions in NOx emissions will lead to significant
improvements in air quality beginning in the 2021 ozone season, which starts in
May.<br />
<br />
During warm weather months, NOx emissions from power plants
can react in the atmosphere to create ground-level ozone, or smog. These
pollutants can travel great distances, often crossing state lines and making it
difficult for other states to meet and maintain the air quality standards for
ozone that EPA establishes to protect public health.<br />
<br />
Projected 2021 emissions from power plants in Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky,
Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania,
Virginia, and West Virginia were found to contribute to pollution levels
that would harm the ability of downwind states to meet or maintain the 2008
ozone NAAQS. <br />
<br />
The rule responds to the September 2019 ruling by the U.S. Court of
Appeals for the D.C. Circuit (Wisconsin v. EPA) by addressing the “significant
contribution” of pollution from particular upwind states to
downwind states under the authority provided in Clean Air Act’s “good
neighbor” section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I), in order to help downwind
states meet and maintain compliance with the 2008 ozone standard.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oq-3vzZZ8Bw/YFD0KZ3zKlI/AAAAAAABh4o/HEjFh7dwJeQFfKnbeXAqQmOHYf849eNnACLcBGAsYHQ/s659/power%2Bplant%2Bsmog.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="409" data-original-width="659" height="398" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oq-3vzZZ8Bw/YFD0KZ3zKlI/AAAAAAABh4o/HEjFh7dwJeQFfKnbeXAqQmOHYf849eNnACLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h398/power%2Bplant%2Bsmog.JPG" width="640" /></a> <br /></span></p>Marina Smithhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639383134826338825noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2522829382047844905.post-65456021249500241732021-03-13T11:49:00.003-05:002021-03-13T11:49:18.125-05:00Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) - Methods and guidance for sampling and analyzing water and other environmental media<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EpQcZGUe1ZE/YEzs5HbMFGI/AAAAAAABh4M/d1ZIj8tyWhYOui6oGxrxJ7HUbyFC8knvgCLcBGAsYHQ/s602/sampling%2Bpfas.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="461" data-original-width="602" height="490" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EpQcZGUe1ZE/YEzs5HbMFGI/AAAAAAABh4M/d1ZIj8tyWhYOui6oGxrxJ7HUbyFC8knvgCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h490/sampling%2Bpfas.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perfluoroalkyl and
Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Methods
and guidance for sampling and analyzing water and other environmental media</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Background</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Per-and
polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of synthetic chemicals that have
been in use since the 1940s. PFAS are found in a wide array of consumer and
industrial products. PFAS manufacturing and processing facilities, facilities
using PFAS in production of other goods, airports, and military installations
are some of the contributors of PFAS releases into the air, soil, and water.
Due to their widespread use and persistence in the environment, most people in
the United States have been exposed to PFAS. There is evidence that continued
exposure above specific levels to certain PFAS may lead to adverse healtheffects.The
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will continue to partner with other
federal agencies, states, tribes, and local communities to protect human health
and, where necessary and appropriate, to limit human exposure to potentially
harmful levels of PFAS in the environment.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EPA’s methods for
analyzing PFAS in environmental media are in various stages of development and
validation. The Agency is working to develop validated analytical methods for
groundwater, surface water, wastewater, and solids, including soils, sediments,
biota, and biosolids.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Drinking Water</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analysis of PFAS using
Method 537.1</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To assess for
potential human exposure to PFAS in drinking water, EPA’s validated Method
537.1 will ensure that both government and private laboratories can effectively
measure 18 PFAS in drinking water, which is a critical step for estimating
exposure and potential health risks to PFAS. EPA Method 537 was first published
in 2009 to initially determine 14 different PFAS. In 2018, the method was
updated to include 4 more PFAS,including the GenX chemical hexafluoropropylene
oxide dimer acid(HFPO-DA).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analysis of
Short-Chain PFAS using Method 533EPA developed and validated EPA Method 533 to target
“short chain” PFAS (none greater than C12), including perfluorinated acids,
sulfonates, fluorotelemers,and poly/perfluorinated ether carboxylic acids. Many
of these could not be analyzed using 537.1 due to physicochemical properties.
In December 2019, EPA published Method533, which includes a total of 25 PFAS
(14 of the 18 PFAS in 537.1 plus an additional 11 “short chain” PFAS) and
specifies isotope dilution quantitation.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Health Advisories</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In May 2016, EPA
issued drinking water health advisories for two types of PFAS:
perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). EPA's health
advisories are non-regulatory and non-enforceable ,and are intended toprovide
technical information to state agencies and other public health officials on
health effects, analytical methodologies, and treatment technologies associated
with drinking water contamination.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tEPUXGrPvBg/YEzs5OxOgiI/AAAAAAABh4Q/C1fjGekPbtMyhqVeuQwjDiSpB60ziw_AQCLcBGAsYHQ/s843/pfas%2Bsampling%2B2.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="669" data-original-width="843" height="508" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tEPUXGrPvBg/YEzs5OxOgiI/AAAAAAABh4Q/C1fjGekPbtMyhqVeuQwjDiSpB60ziw_AQCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h508/pfas%2Bsampling%2B2.JPG" width="640" /></a> <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Non-Potable Water</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analysis of
PFASusing SW-846 Method 8327</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EPA developed a
direct injection liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method, EPA
SW-846 Method 8327,that utilizes external calibration for analysis of 24 PFAS
in non-potable water (not of drinking quality). After a multi-lab validation in
surface water, groundwater, and wastewater effluent, EPA posted the
validatedSW-846 Method 8327 in June 2019 for public comment. In 2019, EPA
published validated SW-846 Method 8327 for non-potable water and Method 533 for
analysis of short-chain PFAS in drinking water.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
2EPA SW-846 Method 8327 is available for public use while EPA is adjudicating
public comments. Consistent with most SW-846 methods, EPA provides the method
as guidance; the use of this method is not specified in any federal testing
requirements. Method 8327 is designed for high-throughput applications and
supports interim recommendations for groundwater contaminated with PFOA and
PFOS; however, for some analytes and matrices, it may not be sensitive enough
for very low-level (i.e., single ng/L) project requirements. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Non-Potable Water and other
Environmental Media </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Validation of SPE-ID Method for PFAS
Analysis </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EPA is collaborating with the
Department of Defense’s Naval Seas Systems Command Laboratory Quality and
Accreditation Office and SGS-AXYS to validate a solid-phase extraction/isotope
dilution (SPE-ID) method. The method will include solid matrices (e.g., soil,
sediment, fish tissue, biosolids) in addition to non-drinking water aqueous
matrices.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In addition to the 24 analytes
included in draft SW-846 Method 8327, EPA plans to include additional analytes
for the SPE-ID Method to include analytes recently added to EPA Method
537.Single-laboratory validation of the SPE-ID protocol is targeted for winter
2020 and multi-laboratory validation will likely follow in 2021. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Evaluating Methods for Total PFAS
Assessments </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EPA will also begin evaluating
methods for total organic fluoride (TOF) analyses in 2020. An effective TOF
method will facilitate broad assessments of total PFAS in environmental
samples. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Developing Sampling and Storage
Methods </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EPA ran time-based studies on
degradation or loss of target analytes during sample storage (45 days) and
assessed the effects of different sample vessel materials (e.g., plastic,
glass) on analyte recovery. Based on these sampling and storage studies, EPA
methods under development will recommend using PFAS-free, plastic containers
(e.g., high-density polyethylene containers); whole sample preparation; and
sample holding times of 28 days. EPA will also develop guidelines for field
sampling, which are critical for minimizing sample contamination and optimizing
data quality for site characterization and remediation. Due to the widespread
use of PFAS, many materials normally used in field and laboratory operations
contain PFAS. For example, polytetrafluoroethylene products (tubing, sample
containers, and sampling tools) are often used in sampling; however, since
these products can contain PFAS, they cannot be used in sampling for PFAS. In
addition, many consumer goods brought to a sampling site may contain PFAS that
can contaminate samples. Field sampling and laboratory hygiene protocols are
critical to ensuring that testing results reflect actual PFAS levels in the
analyzed media.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Interstate Technology and
Regulatory Council has summarized site characterization, sampling precautions,
and analytical method issues and options through their fact sheet series.</span></p>
Marina Smithhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639383134826338825noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2522829382047844905.post-66761425969348250142021-03-10T21:06:00.003-05:002021-03-10T21:06:25.293-05:00Hazard Mitigation<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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can significantly reduce</span><span style="transform: scaleX(0.98427);"> the i</span><span style="transform: scaleX(0.995562);">mpact of d</span><span style="transform: scaleX(0.981563);">isasters
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Marina Smithhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639383134826338825noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2522829382047844905.post-37055345864634901152021-03-10T08:04:00.003-05:002021-03-10T08:04:37.646-05:00Treatment for Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs)<p> </p><h2 class="highlighted">Treatment for Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs)</h2>
<p><span class="figure image file file-image file-image-jpeg right view-mode-medium caption" style="width: 448px;"><img alt="Lake Eerie algal bloom" class="right media-element file-medium" height="327" src="https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/styles/medium/public/2015-10/small_systems5.jpg" width="448" /><span class="figcaption"><em>Photo credit: NOAA, July 2009</em></span></span></p>
<p>Drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) are increasingly being
challenged by changes in the quality of their source waters and by their
aging treatment and distribution system infrastructure. Factors such as
shrinking water and financial resources, climate change, agricultural
runoff, harmful algal blooms (HABs), and industrial land use increase
the probability that CECs (chemicals that have not previously been
detected in water, or that are being detected at significantly different
levels than expected), such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals, personal
care products, endocrine disrupting compounds, and algal toxins will
remain after treatment, ending up in consumers’ drinking water. This is
likely to disproportionately affect small drinking water systems due to
limited resources and treatment options, among other factors.
Identifying and quantifying the source water and treatment challenges
for water systems is an important step towards mitigating present and
future risks.</p>
<p>The following studies will help improve our understanding of the
spread of contaminants through drinking water treatment, and identify
best approaches for removal.</p>
<h3>Removal of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins through drinking water treatment</h3>
<p>EPA is examining the spread and removal of cyanobacterial cells and
their associated toxins at DWTPs using samples collected throughout
treatment trains at facilities along the shoreline of Lake Erie. This
study will improve our understanding of the dynamics of algal toxin
release or removal through drinking water treatment processes.
Additional details can be found here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/water-research/harmful-algal-blooms-and-cyanobacteria-research">Harmful Algal Blooms Cyanobacteria</a>.</p>
<ul><li><a href="http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/P100KSNR.TXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=2011+Thru+2015&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5Czyfiles%5CIndex%20Data%5C11thru15%5CTxt%5C00000012%5CP100KSNR.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=p%7Cf&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x&ZyPURL">Fact
Sheet: Evaluation of Current Water Treatment and Distribution System
Optimization to Provide Safe Drinking Water from Various Source Water
Types and Conditions</a></li><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4QTsERPdFZY&feature=youtu.be">Webinar recording: Current Water Treatment and Distribution System Optimization for Cyanotoxins</a></li></ul><h3>Characterizing the fate of contaminants released from landfills in Alaska</h3>
<p>In collaboration with five tribal communities, EPA has completed a
study characterizing the fate of contaminants released from landfills in
rural Alaska and their potential impact on local drinking water
sources. Tribal communities of Allakaket, Eek, Ekwok, White Mountain,
Fort Yukon, and other dump sites throughout the State of Alaska are
using the study findings to improve the management of their landfills.</p>
<ul><li><a href="http://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=255369">Fate and Effects of Leachate Contamination on Alaska's Tribal Drinking Water Sources Report</a></li></ul><p class="pagetop"><a href="https://www.epa.gov/water-research/small-drinking-water-systems-research#main-content">Top of Page</a></p>
<h2 class="highlighted"><a id="inorg" name="inorg"></a>Removal of Inorganic and Organic Contaminants</h2>
<p><span class="figure image file file-image file-image-jpeg right view-mode-medium" style="width: 448px;"><img alt="Arsenic removal treatment technology study" class="right media-element file-medium" height="366" src="https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/styles/medium/public/2015-10/small_systems4.jpg" title="Arsenic removal treatment technology study" width="448" /></span>EPA
is working to provide information and treatment approaches to small
systems to help them manage inorganic contaminants in their water
supplies. In addition, the information will assist with revisions to
drinking water regulations and can be used by the states for
communicating novel and relevant treatment technologies to their
systems.</p>
<h3>Ammonia Removal Research</h3>
<p>Many regions in the U.S. have excessive levels of ammonia in their
drinking water source as a result of naturally occurring processes or
contamination from agricultural runoff. Ammonia in water does not pose a
direct health concern; however, it may pose a concern when
nitrification occurs in the drinking water distribution system.
Nitrification, is the conversion of the ammonia to nitrite and nitrate
by bacteria, and can lead to water quality issues, such as potential
pipe corrosion problems, loss of disinfectant, taste and odor
complaints, elevated nitrate and nitrite levels, and potential poor
water treatment performance. EPA’s research in this area is providing
communities with the technologies they need to address these issues.</p>
<p><strong>Highlight:</strong> A small community in Iowa relied on
individual and neighborhood shallow wells, which became contaminated
after a flood in 2008. EPA and the State of Iowa Department of Natural
Resources conducted a pilot study using an EPA developed and patented
biological water treatment technology for ammonia oxidation. The pilot
system, designed, built, and installed by EPA staff, effectively removed
ammonia and iron from the community's source water, while keeping
nitrite and nitrate levels below their respective maximum contaminant
level in the treated water. As part of a federal Housing and Urban
Development (HUD) grant, a full-scale water treatment plant based on the
pilot system was completed in January 2014. The community now has a
functioning public water system that meets all regulations.</p>
<ul><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j0LrqNHPFDU&feature=youtu.be">Webinar recording: nnovative Biological Treatment for Small Water Systems: Ammonia, Nitrites, & Nitrates</a></li></ul><h4><strong>Publications:</strong></h4>
<ul><li><a href="http://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=302694&simpleSearch=1&searchAll=Engineering+Design+and+Operation+Report">Engineering
Design and Operation Report – Biological Treatment Process for the
Removal of Ammonia from a Small Drinking Water System in Iowa: Pilot to
Full-Scale</a></li><li><a href="http://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=268375&simpleSearch=1&searchAll=Innovative+biological+water+treatment+for+the+removal+of+elevated+ammonia+">Innovative Biological Water Treatment for the Removal of Elevated Ammonia</a></li></ul><h3>Arsenic Treatment Technology Demonstrations</h3>
<p>EPA is at the forefront of investigating arsenic removal technologies
and their cost, including capital and operating costs. From 2002-2012,
EPA funded and studied 50 small, full-scale arsenic removal systems in
26 different states impacting over 60,000 consumers. The technologies
studied included three that are most commonly utilized by small systems:
adsorptive media, iron removal, and coagulation/filtration. The study
resulted in the most comprehensive set of performance and cost data ever
collected on drinking water treatment for a specific contaminant. The
extensive set of data is currently being summarized for informing other
communities.</p>
<ul><li><a href="https://www.epa.gov/water-research/arsenic-treatment-technology-demonstrations">Arsenic Treatment Technology Demonstrations website</a></li><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pRHeoC7U6IA&feature=youtu.be">Webinar recording: Research and Implementation of Arsenic Removal Technologies at Small Community Water Systems </a></li></ul><h4><strong>Publications:</strong></h4>
<ul><li><a href="http://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=307961">The Costs of Small Drinking Water Systems Removing Arsenic from Groundwater</a></li><li><a href="http://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=307547&simpleSearch=1&searchAll=Removing+Arsenic+from+Groundwater">Regeneration of Iron-based Adsorptive Media Used for Removing Arsenic from Groundwater</a></li><li><a href="http://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=264691&simpleSearch=1&searchAll=Arsenic+Species+in+Drinking+Water+Wells+in+the+USA+with+High+Arsenic+Concentrations">Arsenic Species in Drinking Water Wells in the USA with High Arsenic Concentrations </a></li></ul><h3>Evaluation of cost-effective aeration technologies to address disinfection byproducts (DBPs) compliance</h3>
<p>EPA conducted evaluations of cost-effective aeration technology
solutions to address DBP compliance, specifically total trihalomethane
(TTHM), at a water treatment plant clearwell (storage tank). DBPs form
during the drinking water treatment process.</p>
<ul><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tguk9Iup2Zw&feature=youtu.be">Webinar recording: istribution Operation Options for Small Systems to Address DBPs</a></li></ul><h3>Fluoride Treatment Technologies Research</h3>
<p>EPA evaluated full-scale water treatment plants with existing
fluoride removal treatment systems and followed with demonstrations of
other novel approaches. Systems' operators collected water samples to
document performance and to determine the ultimate fate of the
contaminants. The results of the studies were used to fill a need for a
comprehensive manual on available fluoride removal technologies. The
manual supports the fluoride maximum contaminant level (MCL) and
provides an in-depth presentation of the steps required to design and
operate a fluoride removal plant using activated alumina, which is a
reliable and cost-effective process for treating excess fluoride from
drinking water supplies. This effort will build confidence in novel
technologies and approaches so that communities and state primacy
agencies will accept them knowing that they will be successful in
removing the contaminants of interest, and without concern about the
systems overall sustainability.</p>
<ul><li><a href="http://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=291091&simpleSearch=1&searchAll=Removal+of+Fluoride+from+Drinking+Water+Supplies+by+Activated+Alumina">Removal of Fluoride from Drinking Water Supplies by Activated Alumina Design Manual</a></li></ul><h3>Brominated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) studies</h3>
<p>To protect public health, public water system (PWS) operators must
meet federal limits for disinfection byproducts (DBPs) formed during the
water treatment process. A better understanding of the relationship
between bromide in source water and DBP formation will help operators in
the Ohio River Watershed improve treatment processes, ensure compliance
with federal limits, and provide important information to state, local,
and federal regulators responsible for protecting the rivers and
streams in the watershed.</p>
<p>EPA is evaluating water samples collected at eight PWS in order to
investigate relationships between bromide in source water and the
formation of brominated DBPs in finished drinking water. Once the
results from the collected samples have been finalized, EPA will analyze
the data to determine whether correlations exist between bromide in
source water and brominated DBP formation. Based on the analysis, EPA
will then determine if models can be used to estimate DBP formation,
optimize treatment, and inform source control strategies.</p>
<ul><li><a href="http://nepis.epa.gov/Adobe/PDF/P100HJJ7.pdf">Fact sheet: Brominated Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs) Study</a></li></ul><h3>Treatment, control, and assessment strategies for lead and copper release</h3>
<p>EPA is evaluating water treatment strategies for the control of lead
and copper release from drinking water plumbing materials and
components. Specifically, scientists are conducting investigations on
the impact of water quality on lead and copper release, pipe scale aging
on copper release, and complications of metal contamination arising
from accumulated deposits of iron, manganese, and aluminum on lead or
copper pipe surfaces. EPA is also evaluating the optimization and
interaction of treatment processes and the resulting water quality
impacts on the nature of mineral scales and deposits in real water
systems.</p>
<ul><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hWxZSLF0v9U&feature=youtu.be">Webinar recording: orrosion Control for Drinking Water Systems</a></li><li><a href="http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi?Dockey=P100LVYK.txt">Fact sheet: How to Identify Lead Free Certification Marks for Drinking Water System and Plumbing Products</a></li></ul><p class="pagetop"><a href="https://www.epa.gov/water-research/small-drinking-water-systems-research#main-content">Top of Page</a></p>
<h2 class="highlighted"><a id="path" name="path"></a>Pathogens and Disinfection</h2>
<p><span class="figure image file file-image file-image-png right view-mode-medium" style="width: 448px;"><img alt="Drinking water UV research study in Puerto Rico" class="right media-element file-medium" height="477" src="https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/styles/medium/public/2015-10/small_systems_1.png" title="Drinking water UV research study in Puerto Rico" width="448" /></span>Drinking
water can be a source of waterborne illnesses due to the contamination
of source waters or treated water as it moves through the distribution
system to consumer taps. The growth of pathogens associated with
microbial communities, known as biofilms, can occur on drinking water
pipe surfaces. Current treatments include the use of disinfectants, such
as chlorine and monochloramine; UV treatment; and filtration. To
control disinfection byproducts, many utilities have switched from
chlorine to monochloramine as both their primary and residual
disinfectant. Previous studies have shown the differences between
chlorine and monochloramine at killing specific types of pathogens and
their ability to penetrate into biofilms; however, there is limited data
on their effectiveness at controlling the occurrence and growth of
pathogens in distribution systems.</p>
<h3>Water quality issues in large buildings and emerging treatment technologies for premise plumbing-related pathogens</h3>
<p>The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) sets limits on water quality
indicators for water in the distribution system. Once this distributed
water enters a building or household, the responsibility for maintaining
water quality shifts to the owners. The latest data for waterborne
diseases indicates that premise plumbing-related outbreaks are
increasing across the Nation. This fact, and the legal ramifications of
waterborne outbreaks, are leading hospital and hotel owners to address
water quality in their buildings. EPA is investigating water quality
issues in large buildings and evaluating emerging treatment technologies
to control premise plumbing-related microbial pathogens, with the goal
of providing information to building owners on how water quality changes
as it moves through complex premise plumbing systems. These
investigations include research on both pathogen and corrosion control.</p>
<ul><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3BHfqZhCZkw&feature=youtu.be">Webinar recording: Understanding End Water Quality in Hospitals and Other Large Buildings</a></li></ul><h3>Validation of ultraviolet (UV) disinfection of ground and surface water systems</h3>
<p>UV disinfection is an effective process for inactivating many
microbial pathogens found in source waters with the potential as
stand-alone treatment or in combination with other disinfectants. Small-
to medium-sized drinking water systems often have limited resources and
expertise to evaluate and install innovative technologies. As a result,
they typically do not optimize operations and often apply significantly
higher UV doses than necessary. Currently, there is no standard UV
testing protocol for viruses under the Ground Water Rule, and there is a
lack of recommendations for efficient operation in small systems for
virus inactivation applications. EPA is evaluating new approaches for
validating UV reactors to meet groundwater and surface water pathogen
inactivation goals, including those for virus control for low-pressure
and medium-pressure UV systems. The research study is expected to
contribute to better public health protection with more accurate UV dose
monitoring and reduced capital and operation and maintenance costs.
This work will also reduce the burden on states and utilities to prove a
novel UV treatment system complies with the EPA’s UV guidance manual.</p>
<h4><strong>Publications:</strong></h4>
<ul><li><a href="http://nepis.epa.gov/Adobe/PDF/P100IFFK.pdf">Reduction of Microbial Contaminants in Drinking Water by UV Light Technology: ETS UV MODEL UVL-200-4</a></li><li><a href="http://nepis.epa.gov/Adobe/PDF/P100IFFE.pdf">Reduction of Microbial Contaminants in Drinking Water by UV Light Technology: ETS UV MODEL ECP-113-5</a></li></ul><h3>Field studies of low-pressure UV lamps at ground and surface water systems</h3>
<p>Some consumers in small rural communities in Puerto Rico face health
risks because they rely on unfiltered ground and surface waters for
drinking water. This causes periodic outbreaks of waterborne diseases.
The remote communities lack economic and technical capabilities in order
to comply with drinking water regulations. In addition, traditional
water treatment technologies are expensive to operate and maintain.</p>
<p>In collaboration with partners, EPA evaluated UV disinfection systems
in two rural communities to determine the effectiveness of low-pressure
UV lamps on inactivating pathogens in groundwater and surface water
supplies. For both studies, the operation and maintenance costs
associated with water delivery, prefiltration, and disinfection systems
were compared. The studies benefited from the inclusion of citizen
science, which involved training the communities on the capabilities and
operation and maintenance of the UV systems. This research study is
expected to provide conceptual diagrams of design alternatives for small
systems capable of UV inactivation of chlorine resistant pathogens.
Research results and lessons learned will be incorporated into a report
on the installation, ease of use, and effectiveness of UV disinfection
for both surface and groundwater supplies in rural Non-PRASA communities
in Puerto Rico and other tropical environments.</p>
<h3>Evaluating the effectiveness of disinfectants on microbial communities in water distribution systems</h3>
<p>This research will add to our knowledge of how commonly used
disinfectants (chlorine and monochloramine) effect microbial
communities, known as biofilms, in drinking water distribution system
pipes. Using complex molecular tools, a whole metagenome-based approach
was used to evaluate the composition and metabolic potential in these
communities. Such information is critical to the design of effective
management practices and ultimately helps to prevent waterborne disease
and safeguard human health.</p>
<h4><strong>Publications:</strong></h4>
<ul><li><a href="http://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=247171&simpleSearch=1&searchAll=Metagenomic+analyses+of+drinking+water+receiving+different+disinfection+treatments">Metagenomic analyses of drinking water receiving different disinfection treatments </a></li><li><a href="http://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=262939&simpleSearch=1&searchAll=Establishment+and+early+succession+of+bacterial+communities+in+monochloramine">Establishment and early succession of bacterial communities in monochloramine-treated drinking water biofilms </a></li></ul><h3>Filtration alternatives for small communities and households</h3>
<p>This study involved case studies on innovative and commercially
available drinking water treatment alternatives for small community
water systems. Emphasis was placed on media and membrane filtration
technologies capable of meeting the requirements of the Long-Term 2
Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR) and the Groundwater
Rule. Studies included household water treatment systems for removal of
chemicals and pathogens from well water.</p>
<ul><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L_SaDbnh_zM&feature=youtu.be">Webinar recording: Small Water System Alternatives – Media and Membrane Filtration for Small Communities and Households </a></li></ul><p class="pagetop"><a href="https://www.epa.gov/water-research/small-drinking-water-systems-research#main-content">Top of Page</a></p>
<h2 class="highlighted"><a id="model" name="model"></a>Models, Tools, and Databases</h2>
<h3>Drinking Water Treatability Database (TDB)</h3>
<p>The Drinking Water Treatability Database (TDB) presents referenced
information on the control of contaminants in drinking water. It allows
drinking water utilities, first responders to spills or emergencies,
treatment process designers, research organizations, academicians,
regulators and others to access referenced information gathered from
thousands of literature sources and assembled on one site. It includes
more than 25 treatment processes used by drinking water utilities. The
literature includes bench-, pilot-, and full-scale studies of surface
waters, ground waters and laboratory waters. The literature includes
peer-reviewed journals and conferences, other conferences and symposia,
research reports, theses, and dissertations.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.epa.gov/water-research/drinking-water-treatability-database-tdb">Access the TDB</a></p>
<h3>Cost Models for Drinking Water Treatment Plants</h3>
<p>The Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996, as well as a number
of other statutes and executive orders, require that EPA estimate
regulatory compliance costs as part of its rulemaking process. A new
series of cost models have been designed for the purpose of estimating
the national costs of drinking water regulations, although they can also
be used at the individual site scale. The models were designed to be
transparent and versatile.</p>
<ul><li><a href="https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/drinking-water-treatment-technology-unit-cost-models">Drinking Water Treatment Technology Unit Cost Models</a></li><li><a href="http://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=266096">Using Work Breakdown Structure Models to Develop Unit Treatment Costs</a></li></ul><h3>EPANET</h3>
<p>EPANET was developed as a tool for understanding the movement and
fate of drinking water constituents within distribution systems, and can
be used for many different kinds of applications in distribution
systems analysis. Today, engineers and consultants use EPANET to design
and size new water infrastructure, retrofit existing aging
infrastructure, optimize operations of tanks and pumps, reduce energy
usage, investigate water quality problems, and prepare for emergencies.
EPANET can also be used to model contamination threats and evaluate
resilience to security threats or natural disasters. EPANET's user
interface provides a visual network editor that simplifies the process
of building piping network models and editing their properties and data.</p>
<ul><li><a href="https://www.epa.gov/water-research/epanet">Access EPANET</a></li></ul><h3>Environmental Technologies Design Option Tool (ETDOT)</h3>
<p>The Environmental Technologies Design Option Tool (ETDOT) is a suite
of software models that provides engineers with the capability to
evaluate and design systems that use granular activated carbon or ion
exchange resins for the removal of contaminants, including PFAS, from
drinking water and wastewater.</p>
<ul><li><a href="https://www.epa.gov/water-research/environmental-technologies-design-option-tool-etdot">Access ETDOT</a></li></ul><h3>Breakpoint Chlorination Simulator</h3>
<p>The Breakpoint Chlorination Simulator for Drinking Water Systems is a
web-based application relevant to drinking water practice was developed
to assist water utilities in generating chlorine breakpoint curves. The
simulator generates two side-by-side breakpoint curves for comparison
purposes with user defined conditions.</p>
<ul><li><a href="https://usepaord.shinyapps.io/Breakpoint-Curve/">Access the Breakpoint Chlorination Simulator for Drinking Water Systems</a><a class="exit-disclaimer" href="https://www.epa.gov/home/exit-epa" title="EPA's External Link Disclaimer">Exit</a></li></ul><h3>Chloramine Formation and Decay Simulator</h3>
<p>The Chloramine Formation and Decay Simulator for Drinking Water
Systems is a web-based application relevant to drinking water practice
was developed to simulate inorganic chloramine formation and subsequent
stability, including a simple inorganic chloramine demand reaction for
organic matter. It provides two side-by-side simulations and associated
graphs to allow comparison of input choices on chloramine formation and
decay.</p>
<ul><li><a href="https://usepaord.shinyapps.io/Unified-Combo/">Access the Chloramine Formation and Decay Simulator for Drinking Water Systems</a><a class="exit-disclaimer" href="https://www.epa.gov/home/exit-epa" title="EPA's External Link Disclaimer">Exit</a> </li></ul><h3>Free Chlorine and Cyanuric Acid Simulator</h3>
<p>The Chlorine and Cyanuric Acid System Simulator is an application
that simulates water chemistry associated with the free chlorine and
cyanuric acid system (i.e., chlorinated cyanurates) at user selected
conditions. This allows users to estimate the free chlorine
concentration when cyanuric acid is present, as in the case when adding
chlorine-containing chemicals (commonly referred to as Dichlor or
Trichlor) to water.</p>
<ul><li><a href="https://usepaord.shinyapps.io/cyanuric/">Access the Chlorine and Cyanuric Acid System Simulator</a><a class="exit-disclaimer" href="https://www.epa.gov/home/exit-epa" title="EPA's External Link Disclaimer">Exit</a></li></ul>Marina Smithhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639383134826338825noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2522829382047844905.post-8526670318633383112021-03-10T07:12:00.004-05:002021-03-10T07:12:24.278-05:00 Drinking Water treatment: a guide to basic water treatment technology<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GSFXbA3huSY/YEi3j6yJI6I/AAAAAAABh2k/IAICIW0jMCwPXs7BYe_Fn1zah2u1MeTdQCLcBGAsYHQ/s448/small_systems4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="366" data-original-width="448" height="522" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GSFXbA3huSY/YEi3j6yJI6I/AAAAAAABh2k/IAICIW0jMCwPXs7BYe_Fn1zah2u1MeTdQCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h522/small_systems4.jpg" width="640" /></a><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Water treatment and water treatment
technologies are an essential line of defense to remove contaminants and
bacteria before the delivery of clean, potable water supplies for consumption.
Water sources can be subject to contamination and therefore require appropriate
treatment to remove disease-causing agents. Public drinking water systems use a
variety of methods to provide safe drinking water for their communities.
Depending on the continent, country and region, different water treatment
systems may be in operation depending on regional regulations and raw water
input. The following article provides an overview of the basic principles of
water treatment and the processes and technologies involved.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There are over
145,000 active public water systems in the United States (including
territories). Of these, 97% are considered small systems under the Safe
Drinking Water Act, meaning they serve 10,000 or fewer people.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">While many of these active small
systems consistently provide safe, reliable drinking water to their customers,
many face a number of challenges in their ability to achieve and maintain
system sustainability. Some of these small system challenges include lack of
expertise to choose, operate, and maintain systems; lack of financial
resources; aging infrastructure; limited options for residual disposal; and state
agencies with limited resources to support the large number of small systems.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Water treatment: mimicking earth’s hydrological cycle</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: 0in;"><a name="what-is-water-treatment"></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What is
water treatment? </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maintaining water treatment to
ensure a clean supply to meet growing global populations has been an ongoing
challenge throughout human history. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Thanks to significant technological
developments in water treatment, including monitoring and assessment,
high-quality drinking water can be supplied and enjoyed around the world.
Replicating the earth’s hydrological cycle in which water is continuously
recycled, treatment enables the same water to be cleansed through several
natural processes.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To ensure they do not present a
health risk, nearly all water sources require treatment before they can be
consumed. Many treatment systems are designed to remove microbiological
contamination and physical constituents, including suspended solids
(turbidity). Following this, a final disinfection stage is nearly always
included at the end of the treatment process to help deactivate any remaining
microorganisms. If a persistent disinfectant, such as chlorine, is added this
can also act as a residual to help prevent biological regrowth during water
storage or distribution in larger systems.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Water treatment consists of several
stages. This can include the initial pre-treatment by settling or through using
coarse media, filtration followed by chlorination, called the multiple barrier
principle. The latter allows effective water treatment and allows each stage to
treat and prepare water to a suitable quality for the next downstream process.
For example, filtration can prepare water to ensure it is suitable of UV
(ultraviolet) disinfection.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Depending on the quality and type of
the water entering a water plant, treatment may vary. For example, groundwater
treatment works abstract water from below ground sources such as aquifers and
springs. These sources tend to be relatively clean in comparison to surface
water, with fewer water treatment steps required. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Surface water treatment works take
water from above ground sources, such as rivers, lakes and reservoirs. This raw
water is subject to direct environmental input. As a result, multiple treatment
steps are required and individual processes are required that will enable the
configuration of different comabinations to clean and finally disinfect the
abstracted water. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Some water supplies may contain
disinfection by-products, inorganic chemicals, organic chemicals and
radionuclides. As a result, specialised water treatment methods may also be
part of water treatment to help control formation and removal.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Furthermore, under renewed
regulations, <u>tighter limits could be placed on endocrine disrupting
chemicals</u> as well as lead limits being halved.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: 0in;"><a name="how-does-the-water-treatment-process-wor"></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How
does the water treatment process work?</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Coagulation, flocculation and
sedimentation are processes used to remove colour, turbidity, algae and other
microorganisms from surface waters. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chemical coagulants can be added to
the water for the formation of a precipitate, or floc to entrap these
impurities. After sedimentation and/or filtration, the floc is separated from
the treated water </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aluminium sulphate and ferric
sulphate are two of the most commonly used coagulants , although others are
available. Raw water quality near to the inlet of a mixing tank or flocculator
determines the rate in which coagulants are dosed in solution.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">By adding coagulant at a point of
high turbulence, it is rapidly and thoroughly dispersed on dosing. The next
stage is the sedimentation tank. Here aggregation of the flocs takes, which
settle out to form sludge that will need to be removed.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One of the advantages of coagulation
ais that it reduces the time required to settle out suspended solids.
Furthermore, it can be very effective in removing fine particles that are
otherwise very difficult to remove. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The cost and the requirement for
accurate dosing, thorough mixing and frequent monitoring, are often cited as
the principal disadvantages of using coagulants for treatment of small
supplies. Bench scale coagulation tests can be used to determine which
coagulant to use for a specific raw water.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As a result, to remove colour and
turbidity, coagulation and flocculation are considered the most effective
treatment techniques. However, for small water supplies they may not be
suitable. This is due to the level of control required and volumes of sludge
generated.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: 0in;"><a name="six-essential-water-treatment-technologi"></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Six
essential Water treatment technologies</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A variety of water treatment
technologies are needed to work together, in sequence, in order to purify raw
water before it can be distributed. Here is a list of basic technologies often
used in water treatment works.</span></p>
<ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Screens</span></b></li></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Screens
are used on many surface water intakes to remove particulate material and
debris from raw water. Weeds and debris can be removed using coarse screens,
whereas smaller particles including fish can be removed using band screens and
microstrainers. Ahead of coagulation or subsequent filtration, microstrainers
are used as a pre-treatment to reduce solids loading. </span></p>
<ol start="2" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gravel filters</span></b></li></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Turbidity
and algae can be removed using gravel filters, which consist of a rectangular
channel or a tank divided into several sections and filled with graded gravel
(size range 4 to 30mm). An inlet distribution chamber allows the raw water to
enter through and flow horizontally through the tank, encountering first the
coarse and then the finer gravel. An outlet chamber collects the filtered water
with solids being removed from the raw water accumulate on the floor of the
filter. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></p>
<ol start="3" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Slow sand filters</span></b></li></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Turbidity,
algae and microorganisms can also be removed using slow sand filters. A simple
and reliable process, slow sand filtration is often suitable for the treatment
of small supplies provided that sufficient land is available. Slow sand filters
usually consist of tanks containing sharp sand (size range 0.15-0.30mm) to a
depth of between 0.5 to 1.5m. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></p>
<ol start="4" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Activated carbon</span></b></li></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Using
physical adsorption, contaminants can be removed using activated carbon. This
will be affected by the amount and type of the carbon, the nature and
concentration of the contaminant, retention time of water in the unit and
general water quality (temperature, pH, etc.). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One of the
mocst common mediums is granular activated carbon (GAC), although powdered
activated carbon (PAC) and block carbon are also sometimes used. Filter media
is contained in replaceable cartridges and a particulate filter at the outlet
of the cartridge is used to remove carbon fines from the treated water. </span></p>
<ol start="5" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aeration</span></b></li></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aeration
is designed to transfer oxygen into water and remove gases and volatile
compounds by air stripping. A common method is packed tower aerators as a
result of their compact design and high energy efficiency. To achieve air
stripping various techniques can be used including counter current cascade
aeration in packed towers, diffused aeration in basins and spray aeration. </span></p>
<ol start="6" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membrane processes</span></b></li></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reverse
osmosis (RO), ultrafiltration (UF), microfiltration (MF) and nanofiltration
(NF) are the most commonly used membranes for water treatment processes.
Previously applied to the production of water for industrial or pharmaceutical
applications, membranes are being applied to the treatment of drinking water.
Membrane processes can provide adequate removals of pathogenic bacteria,
Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and potentially, human viruses and bacteriophages. In
a notable case study, companies from the Netherlands and Denmark are working on<u>
integrating enzymes into membrane technology</u> for the removal of pesticides
and pharmaceutical residues from drinking water.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: 0in;"><a name="uv-water-treatment-shining-a-light-on-di"></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">UV
water treatment: shining a light on disinfection</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Invisible to the human eye,
ultraviolet (UV) light can be used to disinfect microorganisms in water
treatment processes. The wavelengths of UV light range between 200 and 300
nanometers (billionths of a meter). Ultraviolet radiation is produced at 254 nm
from special low-pressure mercury vapor lamps. This is the optimal wavelength
for disinfection and ozone destruction. Categorised as germicidal, this means
they are capable of inactivating microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses and
protozoa. It's important to note that UV lamps never have contact with the
water; they can be mounted external to the water which flows through UV
transparent Teflon tubes or housed in a quartz glass sleeve inside the water chamber.
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How does it work? The wavelengtsh of
UV light render bacteria, viruses and protozoa incapable of reproducing and
infecting. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">UV disinfection can be used for the
primary disinfection technology of potable drinking water. Futhermore, the
process can also be used as a secondary form of disinfection. For example,
against microorganisms, such as Cryptosporidium and Giardia, which can be
chlorine-resistant. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In addition, UV light (either alone
or in conjunction with hydrogen peroxide) can destroy chemical contaminants
such as pesticides, industrial solvents, and pharmaceuticals through a process
called UV-oxidation. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Under ideal conditions, a UV unit
can provide greater than 99% reduction of all bacteria. However, even with this
performance, ultraviolet disinfection has two potential limitations: “point”
disinfection and also cells not being removed. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Point" Disinfection can
occur if the UV units only kill bacteria at one point in a watering system and
do not provide any residual germicidal effect downstream. If just one bacterium
passes through unharmed (100% destruction of bacteria cannot be guaranteed),
there is nothing to prevent it from attaching to downstream piping surfaces and
proliferating. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secondly, a second limitation can be
if bacteria cells are not removed in a UV unit but are converted into pyrogens.
The killed microorganisms and any other contaminants in the water are a food
source for any bacteria that do survive downstream of the UV unit. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One notable development to UV
systems is the <u>scaling up of light-emitting diode technology, known</u>
as UV-LED, with 2018 witnessing a tipping point on power density and purchasing
price.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: 0in;"><a name="ozono-water-treatment-harnessing-the-pow"></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ozone
water treatment: harnessing the power of lightning</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Like a lightning storm, ozone is
created when oxygen is exposed to the discharge of a powerful electric current
through air. While widely used in Europe for many years to treat municipal
drinking water, it has not had a similar acceptance in the US.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ozone can be used throughout water
treatment, for example during pre-oxidation, intermediate oxidation or final
disinfection as it has excellent disinfection and oxidation qualities. Usually,
it is recommended to use ozone for pre-oxidation, before a sand filter or an
active carbon filter (GAC). Following ozonization these filters can remove the
remaining organic matter (important for final disinfection). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ozonation is carried out by an
electric discharge field as in the CD-type ozone generators, or by ultraviolet
radiation (UV-type ozone generators). Ozone can also be achieved through
electrolytic and chemical reactions, in addition to commerical methods. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In general, an ozonation system
includes passing dry, clean air through a high voltage electric discharge,
i.e., corona discharge, which creates and ozone concentration of approximately
1% or 10,000 mg/L. In treating small quantities of waste, the UV ozonation is
the most common while large-scale systems use either corona discharge or other
bulk ozone-producing methods. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Raw water is then passed through a
venturi throat which creates a vacuum and pulls the ozone gas into the water or
the air is then bubbled up through the water being treated. Since the ozone
will react with metals to create insoluble metal oxides, post filtration is
required. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ozone is highly reactive and, as a
result, has a very short half-life once dissolved into water. The natural
reaction is for ozone to return to its oxygen form, with a reaction time
typically taking 10-20 minutes at 20 degrees Celsius. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Advantages to ozone water treatment
include the minimisation of inorganic, organic and microbiological problems and
taste and odour problems. Furthermore, no additional chemicals are added to the
water. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meanwhile disadvantages include a
lack of germicidal or disinfection residual to inhibit or prevent growth.
Furthermore, the system may require pre-treatment for hardness reduction. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: 0in;"><a name="types-of-water-treatment-chemicals-and-w"></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Types
of water treatment chemicals (and why they are used)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chemical disinfection of
drinking-water includes any chlorine-based technology, such as chlorine
dioxide, as well as ozone, some other oxidants and some strong acids and bases.
Except for ozone, proper dosing of chemical disinfectants is intended to
maintain a residual concentration in the water to provide some protection from
post-treatment contamination during storage. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Disinfection of household
drinking-water in developing countries is done primarily with free chlorine,
either in liquid form as hypochlorous acid (commercial household bleach or more
dilute sodium hypochlorite solution between 0.5% and 1% hypochlorite marketed
for household water treatment use) or in dry form as calcium hypochlorite or
sodium dichloroisocyanurate. This is because these forms of free chlorine are convenient,
relatively safe to handle, inexpensive and easy to dose. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chlorine is the most widely used
primary disinfectant and is also often used to provide residual disinfection in
the distribution system. Monitoring the level of chlorine in drinking water
entering a distribution system is normally considered to be a high priority (if
it is possible), because the monitoring is used as an indicator that
disinfection has taken place. Residual concentrations of chlorine of about 0.6
mg/l or more may cause problems of acceptability for some consumers on the
basis of taste. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chlorine dioxide breaks down to
leave the inorganic chemicals chlorite and chlorate. These are best managed by
controlling the dose of chlorine dioxide applied to the water. Chlorite can also
be found in hypochlorite solution that has been allowed to age. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proper dosing of chlorine for
household water treatment is critical in order to provide enough free chlorine
to maintain a residual during storage and use. Recommendations are to dose with
free chlorine at about 2 mg/l to clear water (< 10 nephelometric turbidity
units [NTU]) and twice that (4 mg/l) to turbid water (> 10 NTU). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Monochloramine, used as a residual
disinfectant for distribution, is usually formed from the reaction of chlorine
with ammonia. Careful control of monochloramine formation in water treatment is
important to avoid the formation of di- and trichloramines, because these can
cause unacceptable tastes and odours. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A number of other chemicals may be
added in treatment. These include substances such as sodium hydroxide for
adjusting pH and, in certain circumstances, chemicals for fluoridation of
drinking-water. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<br />Marina Smithhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639383134826338825noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2522829382047844905.post-38059124707352221702021-03-10T07:02:00.000-05:002021-03-10T07:02:14.347-05:00 Contaminants of Emerging Concern including Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YA5BkhFZQLc/YEi1DY6XtgI/AAAAAAABh2U/ON7T7h1pRRQrSb4IlidjLdBXAYgp4SxNwCLcBGAsYHQ/s661/emerging%2Bconcern%2Bchemicals.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="584" data-original-width="661" height="566" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YA5BkhFZQLc/YEi1DY6XtgI/AAAAAAABh2U/ON7T7h1pRRQrSb4IlidjLdBXAYgp4SxNwCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h566/emerging%2Bconcern%2Bchemicals.JPG" width="640" /></a><p>Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), including pharmaceuticals
and personal care products (PPCPs), are increasingly being detected at
low levels in surface water, and there is concern that these compounds
may have an impact on aquatic life. It is important for EPA to be able
to evaluate the potential impact of CECs and PPCPs on aquatic life and
have an approach for determining protective levels for aquatic
organisms.</p>
<p>These chemicals have features that require additional
consideration when applying existing ambient water quality criteria for
the protection of aquatic life, using EPA’s 1985 <em>Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Life and Their Uses</em>.</p>
<p>There are many CECs and PPCPs that act as so-called endocrine
disruptors (EDCs). EDCs are compounds that alter the normal functions
of hormones resulting in a variety of health effects. EDCs can alter
hormone levels leading to reproductive effects in aquatic organisms, and
evaluating these effects may require testing methodologies not
typically available along with endpoints not previously evaluated using
current guidelines.</p>
<p>The emerging contaminants may also demonstrate low acute toxicity
but cause significant reproductive effects at very low levels of
exposure. In addition, the effects of exposure to aquatic organisms
during the early stages of life may not be observed until adulthood.
Therefore, traditional toxicity test endpoints may not be sufficiently
comprehensive for criteria derivation for these chemicals and the
chemicals may also have specific modes of action that may affect only
certain types of aquatic animals (e.g., vertebrates such as fish).</p>
<p>Therefore, EPA developed a <em>White Paper Aquatic Life Criteria for Contaminants of Emerging Concern: Part I Challenges and Recommendations</em>
detailing the technical issues and recommendations to serve as a basis
for modifying the 1985 guidelines. These modifications should enable the
Agency to better address CECs and develop ambient water quality
criteria when appropriate for protection of aquatic life that makes the
best use of available science.</p>
<p>EPA’s Office of Water asked the Science Advisory Board (SAB) for
advice on the scientific merit of a white paper that identifies and
addresses technical issues in deriving aquatic life criteria for
emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products
exhibiting endocrine disrupting activity or other toxic mechanisms.</p><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YzMPBk2te74/YEi1DT17vKI/AAAAAAABh2Y/mKWDHS3N8h8-lZHV8tfWuWOfdauGhVj4QCLcBGAsYHQ/s670/pfas.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="393" data-original-width="670" height="376" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YzMPBk2te74/YEi1DT17vKI/AAAAAAABh2Y/mKWDHS3N8h8-lZHV8tfWuWOfdauGhVj4QCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h376/pfas.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br />Marina Smithhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639383134826338825noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2522829382047844905.post-9901090226353533572021-03-10T06:57:00.002-05:002021-03-10T06:57:11.579-05:00 Perfluoroalkyl Compound Plume at the Lakewood Industrial Park, New Jersey<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sjiloynDNTc/YEiz2E13XYI/AAAAAAABh2E/9tdpcci2mDAuIakpIc2PG-ceJWNYMdsmACLcBGAsYHQ/s1149/pfoa%2Bsampling.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1149" height="502" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sjiloynDNTc/YEiz2E13XYI/AAAAAAABh2E/9tdpcci2mDAuIakpIc2PG-ceJWNYMdsmACLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h502/pfoa%2Bsampling.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><br /><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 200%;"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 200%;">Perfluoroalkyl
compounds (PFCs) are a family of </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.02369);">persistent
emerging contaminants with widespread </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.00714);">environmental
occurrence in a variety of media, including </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.01694);">aquatic
systems (Ahrens 2011, Fe</span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.00376);">rrey et
al. 2012, Post et </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.01934);">al. 2013).
They have unique properties that make them </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.00983);">useful
in a wide range of products and industrial </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.01596);">applications
(Lindstrom et al. 2011, Post et al. 2012). </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.01347);">PFCs
are soluble in water, which aids their ability to </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.01289);">disperse in the environment (Eschauzier et
al. 2012, </span><span style="transform: scaleX(0.990425);">NJDEP 2014). </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.011);">PFCs are currently unregulated contaminants in
drinking </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.02007);">water. The U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.02254);">(USEPA)
has developed a Public </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.01552);">Health
Advisory of 0.4 </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.00202);">micrograms per
liter (μg/L) </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.00913);">(400 nanograms per
liter (ng/</span><span style="transform: scaleX(0.998095);">L)) for short-term
(defined </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.01293);">by USEPA IRIS as up to
30 </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.00304);">days) exposure to
perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), one of </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.01864);">the
most common PFC compounds found in the </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.02025);">environment
(USEPA 2009). The New Jersey </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.0175);">Department
of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) has </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.02176);">also
issued health-based drinking water guidance level of </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.00325);">0.04 ug/L (40 ng/L). NJDEP’s guidance is
intended to </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.00751);">protect from
chronic (lifetime) exposure, normally defined </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.00854);">as
70 years, consistent with other New Jersey drinking </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.01845);">water guidance values, drinking water
standards, and </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.01486);">ground water
standards (Post et al. 2009)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 200%;">In a 2009
statewide study of perfluoroalkyl compound (PFC</span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.02487);">)
occurrence in public water supplies conducted by NJDEP, </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.03312);">the concentration of the PFC compound
perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was higher in a drinking water intake along the </span><span style="transform: scaleX(0.983755);">South Branch Metedeconk River in Ocean
County than in </span><span style="transform: scaleX(0.975039);">the other raw
surface water sources tested. The Brick </span><span style="transform: scaleX(0.988275);">Township
Municipal Utilities Authority (B</span><span style="transform: scaleX(0.950289);">TMUA),
which relies on the </span><span style="transform: scaleX(0.986429);">Metedeconk
River </span><span style="transform: scaleX(0.929693);">as its primary source of
water </span><span style="transform: scaleX(0.987158);">supply, subsequently
initiated a PFC sour</span><span style="transform: scaleX(0.972004);">ce track
down study in collaboration wi</span><span style="transform: scaleX(0.96008);">th
the NJDEP Division of Science, </span><span style="transform: scaleX(0.988729);">Research,
and Environmental Health. The data collected from</span><span style="transform: scaleX(0.971975);">
a series of sampling events show that low levels of </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.00787);">various PFCs are present in the study area
and likely or</span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.01551);">iginate from a
number of sources. However, BTMUA </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.03881);">documented
a localized area of high-le</span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.04852);">vel
PFC contamination along the South Branch Metedeconk River in Lakewood </span><span style="transform: scaleX(0.977662);">Township. A groundwater contamination plume
emanating from an industrial park on the south side of the river is </span><span style="transform: scaleX(0.979971);">suspected to be the principle source of
PFCs observed in the Metedeconk River and the BTMUA intake samples. </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.0401);">Groundwater PFOA levels were found to be as
high as 70,000 ng/L in this area. While various PFCs were detected in </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.03257);">water samples throughout the study area, and
particularly in groundwater samples,</span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.02529);">
PFOA is the primary contaminant of </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.01976);">concern
with respect to South Branch Metedeconk River water quality and the BTMUA water
supply.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="transform: scaleX(1.01976);"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IvMKMohpALA/YEiz2N-NIXI/AAAAAAABh2I/bUz0wAQDXPw1o-JHzrDqyh9Li6Ibf2N7ACLcBGAsYHQ/s1159/conceptual%2Bpfoa%2Bgw%2Bplume.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="884" data-original-width="1159" height="488" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IvMKMohpALA/YEiz2N-NIXI/AAAAAAABh2I/bUz0wAQDXPw1o-JHzrDqyh9Li6Ibf2N7ACLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h488/conceptual%2Bpfoa%2Bgw%2Bplume.JPG" width="640" /></a> <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Discussion </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The primary PFC found in the BTMUA drinking water <span style="transform: scaleX(1.01724);">intake was PFOA, and PFOA was also the
primary PFC </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.00874);">found high in
concentrations in the study samples. </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.02144);">Various
other PFCs were detected in water samples </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.01365);">throughout
the source track down study area and were </span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.01847);">most
pronounced in the groundwater samples.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">During
the course of the study, numerous environmental records and databases were
reviewed and field surveys were conducted to identify and document any
indications of dumping, negligent business practices, or poor housekeeping.
Several suspected illicit discharges were identified, including process water
from granite manufacturing facilities, recycled water from a commercial car
wash, and vehicle wash water from the lots of large commercial auto
dealerships. The information gathered offered few leads as to the PFC
contamination source. Specific leads were either rejected based upon the
sampling results or deemed insignificant given their magnitude relative to the
observed PFC levels in the South Branch Metedeconk River. The locations of
groundwater samples with extremely high PFC concentrations were used to isolate
the mostly likely PFC sources to the parcel level. The plume likely originates
in the Lakewood Industrial Park, and a small location within this industrial park
has been identified as a probable source. Based upon the assumption that
groundwater in the area generally follows the surface topography and flows
towards the River, the contamination source is most likely confined to one of
three possible properties located in Lakewood Township on the south side of
Swarthmore Avenue and east of Lehigh Avenue. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A
facility located on these three properties manufactures industrial fabrics,
composites, and elastomers, and uses or produces products that contain PFCs. In
light of the groundwater sampling data, and in comparison to the other
facilities in the area, this facility appears to be the most probable source
and warrants further investigation. However, some other, as yet unknown source
cannot be ruled out. In the event that groundwater flow assumptions are
incorrect for this area, several other properties align with the groundwater
plume area on the north side of Swarthmore Avenue. None of those properties
appear to be manufactures or user of PFC compounds. It is unclear how long PFCs
have been contaminating the groundwater in this area. However, during Sampling
Event 8, a split sample from one site was analyzed by USEPA’s National Exposure
Research Laboratory in North Carolina and evaluated for the presence of branched
and linear PFCA isomers (Strynar and Lindstrom 2013). The presence of both
linear and branched isomers and the presence of both even and odd numbered
carbon chains suggest an older source of contamination (Benskin et al. 2012,
Strynar 2014). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
process that produced both branched and linear isomers and a relative mix of
even and odd numbered carbon chains, known as electrochemical fluorination, was
the dominant manufacturing process between the 1950s and 2002 and has since
been phased out. Upon completion of this study and receipt of the final report,
the NJDEP Site Remediation and Waste Management Program has contacted the
potential responsible party to take appropriate remedial action</span></p>
Marina Smithhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639383134826338825noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2522829382047844905.post-76320832880323000212021-03-09T15:31:00.006-05:002021-03-09T15:31:47.032-05:00 Christopher Stuck, 56 of South Windsor, Connecticut Died In Construction Collapse Inside Cambridge, Mass. Parking Garage <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7818BDkiLy8/YEfbEh3uKaI/AAAAAAABh14/3oWR1J-BH-k61UFnEdjnmivGJVH4hU84gCLcBGAsYHQ/s595/1%2Bworker%2Bdead%2B3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="377" data-original-width="595" height="254" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7818BDkiLy8/YEfbEh3uKaI/AAAAAAABh14/3oWR1J-BH-k61UFnEdjnmivGJVH4hU84gCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h254/1%2Bworker%2Bdead%2B3.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><br /><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">March 05, 2021</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u>The Associated Press</u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The construction worker who died when <u>a concrete
stairwell collapsed</u> at a city-owned parking garage in Cambridge,
Massachusetts, this week has been identified by authorities as a Connecticut
man.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Christopher Stuck, 56 of South Windsor, Connecticut, was
apparently removing the metal railings on a stairway located on the fourth
floor of the building during a restoration project on Tuesday morning when it
collapsed, according to a statement Thursday from the office of Middlesex
District Attorney Marian Ryan.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Get up to speed on the local coronavirus outbreak and other
news Boston is talking about. Add our daily newsletter to your morning routine.
<u>Sign up now</u>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Stuck fell and was pinned by the fallen stairway on the
second floor, the statement said. He was pronounced dead at the scene. Autopsy
results are pending.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Another worker, a 41-year-old man, sustained critical
injuries and remains hospitalized.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The accident is under investigation by state authorities as
well as the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration, but foul
play is not suspected, authorities said.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The accident occurred a week after <u>two construction
workers were killed</u> in downtown Boston when they were struck by a truck
during sewer work.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">======================</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dTR4-9FfFTg/YEfbEvtMsjI/AAAAAAABh10/--PGce7VHPYgjxlpzHohUhsURLI_bOULwCLcBGAsYHQ/s678/staiwell%2Bcollapse%2B1%2Bdead.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="376" data-original-width="678" height="221" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dTR4-9FfFTg/YEfbEvtMsjI/AAAAAAABh10/--PGce7VHPYgjxlpzHohUhsURLI_bOULwCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h221/staiwell%2Bcollapse%2B1%2Bdead.JPG" width="400" /></a> <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">One construction worker was killed and a second was
critically injured in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on Wednesday morning when a
section of the concrete stairwell in a city-owned parking garage collapsed,
authorities said.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“At least a ton” of steel and concrete fell during the
collapse of the second-story stairwell, which was undergoing repairs, acting
Fire Chief Gerard Mahoney said during a news conference.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">No names were released but the man who died at the scene was
56, while a 41-year-old man was taken to the hospital with critical injuries,
according to a statement from the Middlesex district attorney. Mahoney
described it as a chest injury.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">No one else was in the stairwell at the time, but the garage
has remained open during the work.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The fire department reported that it responded to the scene
at about 8:30 a.m. for a “structure building collapse.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Both men were employed by a subcontractor.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">State and local authorities as well as the federal
Occupational and Safety Health Administration are investigating.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The accident occurred a week after two construction workers
were killed in downtown Boston when they were struck by a truck during sewer work.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
Marina Smithhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12639383134826338825noreply@blogger.com