WHAT ARE THE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN MERCURY, UV AND PHENOL EMISSIONS AND COMPACT FLUORESCENT LIGHT LAMPS (CFL)?
What are compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs)?
CFLs are a type of fluorescent lamp. Many models of CFLs are available that are designed to replace traditional incandescent bulbs. The compact size of these CFLs allows them to fit into many existing incandescent light fixtures, including table and floor lamps commonly found in households. CFLs are very energy efficient, using approximately one quarter of the energy compared to traditional incandescent bulbs. CFLs also have a very long lifespan, typically 6000- 15,000 hours compared to the 750-1,000 hours for a normal incandescent bulb.
Fluorescent lamps, including CFLs, are electronic products subject to Section 532 of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Section 532 of the Act authorizes FDA to establish and carry out an electronic product radiation control program designed to protect the public health and safety from radiation that may be emitted from electronic products, such as the UV that may be emitted from CFLs.
Although FDA regulates CFLs under the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 21 Part 1000, there are currently no specific standards or annual reporting requirements for CFLs. Manufacturers of CFLs are subject to CFR 21 part 1002.20, which requires CFL manufacturers to report accidental radiation incidents should any occur. In addition, CFR part 1003.10 requires manufacturers to notify FDA in the event of a product defect or failure which would result in an accidental exposure incident.
The vast majority of products of concern to the FDA are capable of emitting significant levels of radiation, such as X-ray equipment or skin tanning lamps but CFLs do not fall into this area.
Why use CFLs if they contain mercury?
Small amounts of mercury can be
released into the environment when CFLs break, or if they are improperly
disposed of at the end of their useful lives. Despite these emissions, the use
of CFLs actually helps reduce total mercury emissions in the U.S. because of
their significant energy savings. Using energy-saving CFLs reduces demand
for electricity, which in turn reduces the amount of coal burned by power
plants, which reduces emissions of mercury when the coal is burned.
Saving energy helps you save money on
utility bills. You can learn more about how how CFLs work, and CFLs and mercury, from EnergyStar.gov.
Learn More about Mercury and CFLs
1. Using CFLs (and other fluorescent
bulbs) reduces the amount of mercury released into the environment
- Mercury is found in many rocks including coal. When coal is burned at a utility power plant to produce electricity, mercury is released into the environment.
- In the U.S., burning coal at power plants results in about half of all mercury emissions from man-made sources (source: Section 2.6 of the 2011 National Emissions Inventory, version 1 (November 2013) of the Technical Support Document (PDF)).
- Using energy-efficient CFLs reduces demand for power, which in turn reduces the amount of coal burned by power plants and the amount of mercury emitted when coal is burned.
2. CFLs contain very small amounts of
mercury
- Mercury, an essential part of CFLs, allows a bulb to be an efficient light source.
- On average, CFLs contain about four milligrams of mercury sealed within the glass tubing. By comparison, older thermometers contain about 500 milligrams of mercury – an amount equal to the mercury in over 100 CFLs.
- Manufacturers of fluorescent lighting products are working to reduce the amount of mercury content in CFLs.
- No mercury is released when the bulbs are intact (i.e., not broken) or in use, but CFLs can release mercury vapor when broken.
Do CFLs emit UV?
All fluorescent lamps emit some UV. Typical fluorescent lamps, including CFLs, which consumers would encounter, emit very low levels of UV. In order to measure any UV radiation from these lamps, very sensitive measuring equipment must be used.
What is the wavelength range of the light radiation that is emitted by CFLs?
Since CFLs are designed to provide general illumination, the majority of the light emitted by CFLs is localized to the visible region of the spectrum (approximately 400-700 nm in wavelength). In addition, typical CFLs emit a small amount of UVB (280-315 nm), UVA (315-400 nm) and infrared (> 700 nm) radiation.
How close can we safely get to an operating CFL?
Unless you are one of the few individuals who have a medical condition (such as some forms of Lupus) that makes you particularly sensitive to either UV or even visible light, you should be able to use these lamps at the same distance as you would use traditional incandescent lamps. However, a recent study from the United Kingdom Health Protection Agency has found that there are measureable levels of UV from single envelope CFLs when used at distances closer than 1 foot. As a precaution, it is recommended that these types of CFLs not be used at distances closer than 1 foot, for more than one hour per day.
How do I know if I am particularly sensitive to either UV or visible light?
Only your physician can make such a diagnosis. The vast majority of people do not suffer from such UV or visible light sensitivities.
Are there precautions I can take to reduce the small levels of UV from CFLs still further if I should wish to do so?
The glass used in CFLs already provides a UV filtering effect. In addition, any additional glass, or plastic, or fabric used in lighting fixtures that is between you and the CFL will further reduce the already low levels to still lower levels since these materials act as additional UV filters. Increasing the distance between you and any radiation source, including CFLs, will also reduce the small level to a lower level.
However, if you still wish to take additional steps then you might wish to purchase the type of CFL that has an additional glass or plastic cover that enclosed the CFL to make it appear more like a traditional incandescent lamp. These covers provide an additional reduction of the low level of UV to a lower level.
Any other safety concerns? I have heard CFLs contain mercury. Should I be concerned?
Like traditional tube-style fluorescent lamps, CFLs contain a small amount of mercury. It is the use of this small amount of mercury that allows any fluorescent lamp to produce visible illumination at much higher efficiency levels than incandescent lighting. Typical household CFLs contain less than 5 mg of mercury, which is a sphere about the size of the tip of a pen. CFLs do not emit mercury as they operate. The only way mercury could be emitted from a CFL would be if the outer glass tubing that contains the mercury were to break.
Care should be taken not to break a CFL. If you break one, you should carefully clean up the entire residue according to EPA instructions that you can find at http://www.epa.gov/mercury/spills/index.htm
What about other potential adverse health effects from CFLs? I have seen some claims that CFLs cause headaches in some people. Is this true?
The vast majority of CFL users, both in households and in commercial buildings, report no issues regarding CFL usage, including headaches. There are some anecdotal reports, however, and, although there is yet no research to directly explain any plausible causative mechanism, it may be possible that some people are susceptible to such headache effects just as some people claim to be annoyed by normal fluorescent lighting. However, the overwhelming numbers of people that use CFLs report no such negative effects.
Breakage
Fluorescent lamps produce several hazards if shattered. Depending on the type, there may be a partial vacuum or the light bulb may be under pressure. Shattering the glass can cause shrapnel injuries, along with the release of mercury and other unhealthy compounds.
The biggest immediate injury danger from a damaged lamp is from the phosphor-coated glass. If cut with fluorescent lamp glass, any phosphor that goes in the wound is likely to stop blood clotting and can interfere with curing. Such mishaps should be handled seriously and immediate medical assistance should be obtained for people or domestic pets that are cut. Medical employees ought to be notified that the injuries were caused by a damaged fluorescent lamp, and that mercury was present.
Reference: http://www.parkinsonarchitecture.com/?p=219
Fluorescent Lighting Dangers – Why LED Bulbs Will Be The Better Alternative
PHENOL AND STYRENE EMISSIONS
Toxic mercury from broken bulbs might not be the only danger posed by CFL lamps. During tests last year at Berlin's Ala Laboratory, scientists discovered that various carcinogenic chemicals and toxins, including phenol, naphthalene and styrene, are released when CFL are switched on.
Environmental experts in Britain have downplayed the findings, insisting that CFLs are not a danger to the public and that more studies are needed to back up the German research.
But Peter Braun, who carried out the tests at the lab, claims that CFL lamps emit poisonous vapors when turned on and “should not be used in unventilated areas and definitely not in the proximity of the head.”
This report comes on the heals of research by Israel’s Haifa University suggesting that the CFL’s bluer light emissions, which closely mimic daylight, might interfere with the production of the hormone melatonin, contributing to higher rates of breast cancer.
In addition, the Migraine Action Association is warning that CFLs could trigger migraine headaches, “and skin care specialists have claimed that their intense light could exacerbate a range of existing skin problems,” according to a report in London’s Daily Telegraph.
Metropolitan Engineering, Consulting & Forensics
(MECF)
Providing Competent, Expert and
Objective Investigative Engineering and Consulting Services
P.O. Box 520
Tenafly, NJ 07670-0520
Tel.: (973) 897-8162
Fax: (973) 810-0440
E-mail: metroforensics@gmail.com
Web pages:
https://sites.google.com/site/metropolitanforensics/
https://sites.google.com/site/metropolitanenvironmental/
We are happy to announce the launch of our twitter account. Please make
sure to follow us at @MetropForensics or @metroforensics1
Metropolitan appreciates your
business.
Feel free to recommend our services
to your friends and colleagues.