DEATH BY LETHAL INHALATION: FAILURE TO USE PROPER CONDENSATE MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES HAS CAUSED MANY DEATHS AND PROPERTY DAMAGE IN THE OIL & GAS INDUSTRY

                                                           Figure 1. Flowback Tanks

 What is flowback

Flowback refers to process fluids from the wellbore that return to the surface and are collected after hydraulic fracturing is completed. In addition to the hydraulic fracturing fluids originally pumped, returned fluids contain volatile hydrocarbons from the formation. After separation, flowback fluids are typically stored temporarily in tanks (figure 1) or surface impoundments (lined pits, ponds) at the well site. Liquid hydrocarbons from the separation process are routed to production tanks (figure 2). Workers periodically gauge the fluid levels in flowback and production tanks with hand-held gauges (sticks and tapes) through access hatches located on the top of the tank.

MSDS for Flowback

The Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for condensate identifies it as a potentially flammable and explosive substance with vapors that may travel long distances to an ignition source and flash back.

Sulfur compounds in this material may decompose to release hydrogen sulfide gas which may accumulate to potentially lethal concentrations in enclosed air spaces. Vapor concentrations of hydrogen sulfide above 50 ppm, or prolonged exposure at lower concentrations, may saturate human odor perceptions so that the smell of gas may not be apparent. DO NOT DEPEND ON THE SENSE OF SMELL TO DETECT HYDROGEN SULFIDE! IDLH for hydrogen sulfide is 100 ppm. 

Hydrogen sulfide is listed as an EPA Extremely Hazardous Substance.

Contains benzene, a chemical known to cause cancer in humans. May cause diseases of the blood forming organs, such as leukemia, adverse effects on the immune system and adverse reproductive effects. Benzene may cause irritation to the eyes, skin and lungs, central nervous system effects and irregular heartbeats. IDLH for benzene is 500 ppm.

Some components of this material such as benzene, toluene and xylene have been shown to produce fetal toxicity and/or reduce female or male reproductive capacity in laboratory animals.

Although worker safety hazards in the oil and gas extraction industry are well known, there is very little published data regarding occupational health hazards (e.g., types and magnitude of risks for chemical exposures) during oil and gas extraction operations. To address the lack of information, NIOSH requests assistance from oil and gas stakeholders in further characterizing risks for chemical exposures during flowback operations and, as needed, develop and implement exposure controls. This blog briefly describes flowback operations and addresses reports made known to NIOSH of recent worker fatalities related to or located at flowback operations. 

Worker Fatalities

                                                Figure 2. Production Tanks

NIOSH learned about several worker fatalities associated with flowback operations through media reports, officials with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and members of the academic community. According to our information, at least four workers have died since 2010 from what appears to be acute chemical exposures during flowback operations at well sites in the Williston Basin (North Dakota and Montana). While not all of these investigations are complete, available information suggests that these cases involved workers who were gauging flowback or production tanks or involved in transferring flowback fluids at the well site. Often these fatalities occurred when the workers were performing their duties alone.

Potential Exposures during Flowback Operations

Flowback refers to process fluids from the wellbore that return to the surface and are collected after hydraulic fracturing is completed. In addition to the hydraulic fracturing fluids originally pumped, returned fluids contain volatile hydrocarbons from the formation. After separation, flowback fluids are typically stored temporarily in tanks (figure 1) or surface impoundments (lined pits, ponds) at the well site. Liquid hydrocarbons from the separation process are routed to production tanks (figure 2). Workers periodically gauge the fluid levels in flowback and production tanks with hand-held gauges (sticks and tapes) through access hatches located on the top of the tank.

Hydrogen sulfide (sour gas) is well recognized as a toxic exposure hazard associated with oil and gas extraction and production (1,2). However, less recognized by many employers and workers is that many of the chemicals found in volatile hydrocarbons are acutely toxic at high concentrations. Volatile hydrocarbons can affect the eyes, breathing, and the nervous system (3,4,5,6,7) and at high concentrations may also affect the heart causing abnormal rhythms (8,9). Recently, NIOSH conducted exposure assessments to identify chemical hazards to workers involved in flowback operations. Results from initial field studies suggest that certain flowback operations/activities can result in elevated concentrations of volatile hydrocarbons in the work environment that could be acute exposure hazards. The results, conclusions, and recommendations based on these evaluations will be detailed in a peer-reviewed journal article, a future NIOSH Science Blog posting, or other communication products.

Preliminary Recommendations

Based on the limited information on fatalities and initial NIOSH exposure assessments, NIOSH researchers have identified preliminary recommendations to reduce the potential for occupational exposures:

1) Develop alternative tank gauging procedures so workers do not have to routinely open hatches on the tops of the tanks and manually gauge the level of liquid.

2) Provide hazard awareness training to ensure flowback technicians, water haulers, and drivers understand the potential hazards and risks for volatile chemical exposures when working on and around flowback and production tanks.

3) Monitor workers to determine their exposure to volatile hydrocarbons and other contaminants. Employers should consult with an occupational safety and health professional trained in industrial hygiene to ensure an appropriate sampling strategy is used.

4) Ensure workers do not work alone in potentially hazardous areas.

5) Use appropriate respiratory protection in areas where potentially high concentrations of volatile hydrocarbons can occur as an interim measure until engineering controls are implemented. Employers should consult with an occupational safety and health professional trained in industrial hygiene to determine the appropriate respirator to be used. Note that OSHA regulations (29 CFR 1910.134) require a comprehensive respiratory protection program be established when respirators are used in the workplace. NIOSH guidance for selecting respirators can be found at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2005-100/default.html

6) Establish emergency procedures to provide medical response in the event of an incident.

NIOSH continues to work with OSHA to obtain additional information about these fatalities. We request assistance from our occupational safety and health stakeholders for information on other potentially related incidents or fatalities related to acute exposures during such flowback operations. NIOSH is looking for additional industry partners to work with us to further characterize worker exposures during flowback operations and to develop and evaluate controls, as needed. If you have questions or wish to provide further pertinent information, please contact us via the blog comment box below or by e-mail at nioshblog@cdc.gov.

Notes

The objective of this blog entry is to describe a potential emerging occupational hazard in the oil and gas extraction industry. Additionally, it is meant to request help from stakeholders for more information related to fatalities associated with flowback operations. To keep the blog discussion focused on worker health, we may choose not to respond to comments that do not pertain to worker exposures.

References

1. NIOSH POCKET GUIDE TO CHEMICAL HAZARDS, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (2007)DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2005-149 Hydrogen Sulfide: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0337.html

2. OSHA Oil and Gas Well Servicing eTool: General Safety and Health: Hydrogen Sulfide Gas https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/oilandgas/general_safety/h2s_monitoring.html

3.NIOSH POCKET GUIDE TO CHEMICAL HAZARDS, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (2007)DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2005-149. Benzene: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0049.html

4. NIOSH POCKET GUIDE TO CHEMICAL HAZARDS, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (2007)DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2005-149. N-Pentane: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0486.html

5. NIOSH POCKET GUIDE TO CHEMICAL HAZARDS, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (2007)DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2005-149. N-Hexane: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0322.html

6. NIOSH POCKET GUIDE TO CHEMICAL HAZARDS, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (2007)DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2005-149. N-Heptane: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0312.html

7. NIOSH POCKET GUIDE TO CHEMICAL HAZARDS, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (2007)DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2005-149. Petroleum distillates: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0492.html

8. Adgey A.A., Johnston P.W., McMechan S. Sudden cardiac death and substance abuse. Resuscitation. (1995)Jun;29(3):219-21.

9. Sugie, H., Sasakia C. Hashimotoa, C., Takeshita, H. et al. Three cases of sudden death due to butane or propane gas inhalation: analysis of tissues for gas components. Forensic Science International (2004) 143:211–214.

SHOULD I BE CONCERNED WITH PCBS IN CAULKING?

We often receive the following question regarding PCBs: 

We have an older school building in our district, and I recently heard that there may be a threat to our students’ health from PCB’s in the caulking that was used in the building. Should I be concerned about this?

                          Caulking around window containing PCBs

Since the early 1990s, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had learned that caulk containing potentially harmful polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was used in many buildings, including schools, in the 1950s through the 1970s.  In general, schools and buildings built after 1978 do not contain PCBs in caulk.  On September 25, 2009, EPA announced new guidance for school administrators and building managers, with information about managing PCBs in caulk and tools to help minimize possible exposure, and further information on this can be found at our web sites http://metroforensics.blogspot.com/2014/10/pcbs-present-in-sealants-and-paints-in.html

https://sites.google.com/site/metroforensics3/pcbs-present-in-sealants-and-paints-in-older-buildings

as well as at EPA’s website (http://www.epa.gov/pcbsincaulk/).  To quote the EPA’s information, “the potential presence of PCBs in schools and buildings should not be a cause for alarm.”  There is most likely no need to panic, or take drastic measures such as closing the school building, if PCB’s in caulk are suspected.  If your school or building was built or renovated between 1950 and 1978, there are several immediate, relatively low cost steps schools can take to reduce potential exposure until it can be determined with certainty if PCBs are present in caulk used in the building and any contaminated caulk can be removed. For further information, visit the websites referenced above, or call your METROPOLITAN Risk Solutions Consultant (973) 897-8162 or email at metroforensics@gmail.com.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of man-made chemicals associated with a potential risk to human health and the environment. They were used in many building materials, particularly caulking, grout, expansion joint material and paint, from approximately 1950 to 1978. Both the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) have published extensive material evaluating human health impacts from exposure to PCBs. The apparent public health risks, including developmental effects in children, reproductive effects and long-term risks for cancer development, have driven consideration for actions, including further research into chronic health effects, mechanisms of contact, and assessing actual and potential exposures, both in public and commercial buildings, and in the workplace, where direct and incidental exposures may occur.

There is growing evidence that PCB exposures, in both vapor and particulate matter form, emanate from PCB-containing products in the building environment.  Additionally, secondary sources of PCBs, including materials that have become contaminated due to absorption from direct contact with PCB sources, or through adsorption of PCBs in the air that have been emitted by primary sources, such as caulk or light ballasts, can contribute to the overall exposures.  In most cases, the building owners and occupants are not even aware of the existence of these materials and their potential hazards. It is not clear what the risk from these PCB-containing building materials is when compared to other PCB exposures (e.g. diet), due to a lack of data on potential exposures from sources in the built environment.

Growing evidence suggests that PCBs in construction materials may pose a previously unrecognized risk to building occupants, maintenance staff and those working in construction trades.[7] Building materials including caulking, adhesives, surface coatings, paint, ceiling tiles, window glazing, light ballasts and electrical wiring have been reported by various investigators inside and outside the United States to contain PCBs in the low parts per million (ppm) to percent (by weight or volume) quantities.

PCB exposures can occur in the built environment from direct contact, volatilization, deterioration, or disturbance of PCB-containing materials. Children may be at particular risk due to epidemiological evidence that PCBs are developmental toxins, and the fact that many of the school buildings currently in use were either built or renovated during the time period that PCBs were in use.

The potential public health implications from exposure to PCBs in construction materials are not well understood at this time. The evaluation of potential sources, pathways of human exposure and the collective health risk should assist the environmental engineer in the selection of appropriate methods to control the exposure.

Due to their unique chemical and physical properties, PCBs were used in a variety of commercial products. The commercial products are categorized into three basic types: closed applications, partially closed applications and open applications.

Closed applications include use as dielectric fluids in:

·         transformers,

·         capacitors,

·         microwave ovens,

·         air conditioners,

·         fluid-cooled electric motors, and

·         electrical light ballasts and fluid-cooled electromagnets.

Partially closed applications include use in:

·         hydraulic fluids,

·         heat transfer fluids,

·         switches,

·         voltage regulators,

·         circuit breakers,

·         vacuum pumps, and

·         electrical cables.

Open applications include use in:

·         inks,

·         lubricants,

·         waxes,

·         flame retardants,

·         adhesives,

·         electrical and thermal insulating materials,

·         pesticides,

·         dyes,

·         paints and other surface coatings,

·         asphalt, and

·         caulks and sealants (e.g. as plasticizers).

Protocol for Addressing Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Caulking Materials in School Buildings

I.  Background

Recently, several school districts have discovered that PCBs are present in building caulk installed on their facilities and sometimes in the soil near caulked structures.  Typical locations include windows and expansion joints.  PCBs are regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and the State of New York, and caulk containing PCBs should be properly managed when disturbed through building renovations.

PCBs are currently prohibited from being used in caulk and other commodities (U.S. EPA, 40 CFR 761).  However, prior to 1977, PCBs were present in some caulking materials used in the construction of schools and other buildings.  Studies have shown that concentrations of PCB can exceed 1% (10,000 ppm) by weight in some caulk materials.  An investigation of 24 buildings in the Greater Boston Area revealed that one-third of the buildings tested (8 of 24) contained caulking materials with polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) content exceeding 50 ppm by weight with an average concentration of 15,600 ppm or 1.5% (Herrick et al., 2004).  These buildings included schools and other public buildings.

The U.S. EPA regulates the disposal of caulk, as well as soil and other materials contaminated with PCBs from caulk, if the concentration of PCBs exceeds 50 ppm.  Such materials must be disposed at an appropriate approved or permitted facility.

U.S. EPA regulation 40 CFR 761 defines "PCB remediation waste" to include contaminated soil, and specifies a clean-up level of <1ppm without further conditions for unrestricted use in "high occupancy areas" (i.e., areas where individuals may be present for 335 hours or more per year).  PCB caulk is defined as a PCB bulk product waste, and its disposal is subject to U.S. EPA regulations under the Toxic Substances Control Act (40 CFR761.62).

This protocol has been developed in consultation with the New York State Department of Health, Division of Environmental Health Assessment, Bureau of Toxic Substance Assessment to address concerns about properly managing caulk containing PCBs that will be disturbed during building renovation and maintenance.

 

II.  Objective

For any school buildings constructed or renovated between 1950 and 1977 and undergoing current renovation or demolition, NYSED and NYSDOH recommend that the building(s) be evaluated prior to the renovation work to determine whether they contain caulk that is contaminated with PCBs.  If so, a plan should be developed to address potential environmental and public health concerns about potential PCB exposure.

III.  Investigation and Testing

To adequately characterize PCB contamination, a professional environmental consultant with appropriate experience in environmental investigation and testing should prepare a detailed workplan to guide this work.

A.  Caulk Sample Collection

Buildings constructed or renovated between 1950 and 1977 have a potential to contain PCBs in existing caulk.  Representative samples of caulking materials from these buildings prior to renovation or demolition work should be tested to determine whether the caulk is contaminated with PCBs.   Professional judgment should be used to design the sampling plan for characterizing caulk throughout the building.  The consultant should pay particular attention to construction and maintenance records and to the appearance of caulking materials (likenesses and differences).   Samples should be taken from window frames or expansion joints that have not been repaired or replaced since 1977.   Depending on specific information provided in the workplan developed by the project manager, such as window placement, compositing of some caulk samples might be appropriate.  Caulk from different time periods or that have a different appearance should not be composited together.

It is important to note that caulk used during the time period of interest may also contain asbestos or lead.   Therefore, the work plan should include testing, handling and disposal requirements appropriate for such regulated materials.

B.  Soil Sample Collection

Buildings constructed or renovated between 1950 and 1977, which have undergone further renovation after 1977, may have residual PCB contamination in adjacent soils.   An adequate representation of surface soils should be tested to assess the potential for residual PCB contamination.

When designing a representative soil sampling plan, the likelihood of soil contamination from deteriorated or deteriorating caulk should be considered.  Caulk that has in the past dried out and fallen to the ground is the most important source of soil contamination.  Thus, sampling should include soil beneath windows where caulk has obviously deteriorated or been replaced because of previous deterioration.  Areas subject to the stress of sun and prevailing weather (typically the southern and western side of each structure) should be included for sampling.  These samples would provide a conservative evaluation of soil conditions due to an increased potential for material failure, possibly resulting in contamination of soil.   Also, if earlier renovation or demolition work may have stockpiled potentially contaminated caulk in other school areas, the school should consider having soils in those areas tested as well.

Soil sampling should focus on areas of the building where ”banks” or “gangs” of windows exist/were replaced and areas of the structure where large expansion joints are located.   This would provide a conservative evaluation of potential soil contamination and permit efficient sampling.

Any obvious pieces of caulk encountered during the collection of soil samples should be removed from the soil, categorized (with respect to location and depth) and treated as a separate potential sample.

Depth – At each soil sample location, soil should be collected in depth intervals of 0-2 inches, 2-6 inches and 6-12 inches.   The surface soil sample (0-2 inches) should be collected from below the vegetative surface layer, if present.

Distance from Structure – Samples should be collected within 1 foot of the building and 5 feet from the building.

Samples should be collected in a manner that prevents cross-contamination.   Augers or driven core samplers should be avoided, as any caulk caught on the edge of this type of tool could be driven to lower intervals. Using a designated trowel for each sample location and each interval of depth is encouraged.   If the sampling tool is field cleaned between samples, do so in a manner that does not add solvent contamination to the environment.

C.  Laboratory Analyses of Soil and Caulk Samples

Specific information concerning laboratory procedures and protocols must be detailed in the work plan.

Duplicate analysis should be performed on 10% of samples received by the laboratory.

The soil sample or extract of the soil sample collected at a depth of 6-12 inches may be archived until the sample results for 2-6 inches are available, provided that the appropriate sample holding times are not exceeded.

All caulk and soil samples must be analyzed for PCBs by a NYSDOH Environmental Laboratory Approval Program (ELAP) certified laboratory.  ELAP certified labs can be found at the following link: www.wadsworth.org/labcert/elap/elap.html .  Results provided should be for total PCBs.

IV.  Abatement

If it is determined that caulk materials contain PCBs, a site specific abatement plan should be developed to address potential environmental and public health concerns.  The HUD Technical Guidelines for the Evaluation and Control of Lead-Based Paint Hazards in Housing available at www.hud.gov/offices/lead/guidelines/hudguidelines/ can be used as a basis for developing the steps for abating the contamination and preventing contamination of nearby areas.  This is the same guideline required by NYSED to manage lead contaminated materials in schools under the RESCUE regulations.  Caulking materials that contain either lead, PCBs, or both can therefore be managed under the same guidance.  Caulking materials that contain asbestos in addition to either lead or PCBs or samples that contain only asbestos will be managed in accordance with requirements of the NYS Department of Labor Code Rule 56.

As stated in Section I, cleanup and disposal of PCB remediation and bulk product waste is subject to U.S. EPA regulations under the Toxic Substances Control Act (40 CFR 761) (see http://www.epa.gov/pcb/pubs/200540cfr761.pdf ).  For information or assistance pertaining to the federal PCB regulations, please contact either Daniel Kraft or James Haklar, at the Pesticides and Toxic Substances Branch of U.S. EPA Region 2.  Daniel Kraft can be contacted at kraft.daniel@epa.gov or (732) 321-6669, and James Haklar can be reached at haklar.james@epa.gov or (732) 906-6817.

Disposal of contaminated materials from abatement activities (soil or caulk) is regulated by the NYSDEC solid waste regulations (6NYCRRPart 360) if concentrations are <50 ppm and by the hazardous waste regulations (6NYCRR370-373) if PCB concentrations are 50 ppm or greater.  Contact the NYSDEC Regional Office for additional guidance.

References

Herrick RF, McClean MD, Meeker JD, Baxter LK, Weymouth GA. 2004. An Unrecognized Source of PCB Contamination in Schools and Other Buildings. Environmental Health Perspectives. 112:1051-1053.

USEPA. 40 CFR 761. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Manufacturing, Processing, Distribution in Commerce, and Use Prohibitions. (http://www.epa.gov/pcb/pubs/200540cfr761.pdf )

6 NYCRR Part 375. Environmental Remedial Programs. Subpart 375-6: Remedial Program Soil Cleanup Objectives.  §375-6.8 Soil Cleanup Objective Tables. Table 375-6.8(b): Restricted Use Soil Cleanup Objectives.  (http://www.dec.ny.gov/regs/15507.html )

Metropolitan Engineering, Consulting & Forensics (MECF)

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Tel.: (973) 897-8162

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E-mail: metroforensics@gmail.com

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GREEN INDUSTRY HAZARDS: INSULATION OR SEALING OF HOMES AND BUSINESSES USING SPRAY POLYURETHANE FOAM (SPF)/ISOCYANATES

GREEN INDUSTRY HAZARDS: INSULATION OR SEALING OF HOMES AND BUSINESSES USING SPRAY POLYURETHANE FOAM (SPF)/ISOCYANATES

Environmentally friendly doesn’t necessarily mean worker friendly.  In many cases, new “green” technologies and products have reached the market without being adequately evaluated to determine whether they pose health or safety risks to workers in manufacture, deployment, or use. Spray polyurethane foam—commonly referred to as SPF—is a case in point. Its use as insulation has been on the upswing because of the laudable aim of builders and property owners to improve energy efficiency. As popular as it has become, however, much remains unknown about spray polyurethane foam—specifically the health implications of its amines, glycols, and phosphate upon workers.

Polyurethane foam has a high R-factor (or R-value), so it resists the flow of heat and, when used as insulation, increases a building’s energy efficiency. Because of this, it has become a favorite in the world of energy-conscious construction and renovation. While better insulation clearly means less energy consumption, what’s not clear is the level of protection and ventilation workers need so that they remain safe during the installation process.  We have included quite a few pictures in this blog showing workers not wearing the recommended personal protection when they apply the chemicals. 

We want to point out that the residents or employee exposure to the isocyanates is an emerging health issue and that very few epidemiologic studies are currently available on acute or long term effects on properly installed polyurethane foam.  However, if an installation is not properly done, then the risk is there for acute and chronic effects to the building occupants – there is no argument about that.

IN JULY 2014, CALIFORNIA PROPOSED TO IDENTIFY A SPRAY FOAM INGREDIENT, MDI, as a Toxic Air Contaminant Especially Affecting Infants and Children

Under Health and Safety code Section 39669.5, California’s Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) establishes and maintains a list of Toxic Air Contaminants (TACs) that may disproportionately impact infants and children.  OEHHA evaluates TACs for addition to this list as we develop Reference Exposure Levels for TACs.  Monomeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and polymeric MDI, was identified by the Air Resources Board (ARB) as a toxic air contaminant (TAC) in accordance with section 39657(b) of the California Health and Safety Code (Title 17, California Code of Regulations, section 93001) (CCR, 2007). MDI has been shown to cause asthmatic reactions in sensitized asthmatic adults in controlled exposure studies, and in non-sensitized children with asthma as well as asthma-like effects in normal children exposed acutely to the diisocyanate MDI in an accidental exposure (Jan et al., 2008). OEHHA considers asthma a disease that disproportionately impacts children, and thus chemicals that induce or exacerbate asthma are considered more impactful for children (OEHHA, 2001). In addition, an animal study has shown that younger rats are more sensitive to the acute effects of MDI than young adult rats (Reuzel et al., 1994b). In view of the potential of MDI to exacerbate asthma and the differential impacts of asthma on children including higher prevalence rates, OEHHA recommends that MDI be identified as a TAC that may disproportionally impact children pursuant to Health and Safety Code, Section 39669.5(c).

What is Spray Foam?

Spray polyurethane foam (SPF) is a spray-applied plastic that can form a continuous insulation and air sealing barrier on walls, roofs, around corners, and on all contoured surfaces.  It is made by mixing and reacting unique liquid components at the job site to create foam.  The liquids react very quickly when mixed, expanding on contact to create foam that insulates, seals gaps, and can form moisture and vapor barriers.  SPF insulation is known to resist heat transfer extremely well, and it offers a highly effective solution in reducing unwanted air infiltration through cracks, seams, and joints.

Types of Spray Polyurethane Foam

There are three primary types of SPF that can be used for insulation and other specific purposes:

High Density: often used for exterior and roofing applications

Medium Density: often used for continuous insulation, interior cavity fill, and unvented attic applications

Low Density: often used for interior cavity fill and unvented attic applications

Medium and High Density SPF are frequently called “closed-cell foam” because they use an internal closed cell structure that improves thermal resistance and other properties. Low Density SPF is frequently called “open-cell foam” because the cell structure includes tiny holes in the cells to provide improved drying capability and flexibility.  Each product offers unique benefits that a professional SPF contractor can explain and help people determine which types of foam will be most appropriate for a specific building, climate, and project. Beyond the structure of the foam itself, the other significant difference relates to how it is created and installed.  The main delivery systems include:

• High-pressure, two-component foam

• Low-pressure, two-component foam SPF kits

High-pressure, two-component foam is often used to insulate large areas on new construction or major renovations of walls and roofing systems. For a typical high-pressure SPF application, a spray rig (truck or trailer) that houses the spray foam ingredients, air supply and other items is parked near the building to be sprayed. Hoses up to about 300 feet in length deliver the liquid ingredients to the application area.

Low-pressure, two-component SPF kits or refillable cylinders are smaller, portable systems that can insulate and air-seal small to mid-sized areas. This type of foam is usually applied around duct work, electrical or piping penetrations, rim joists and roof repairs. Both high-pressure and low-pressure foams are applied by professional spray foam applicators.

Chemicals

Overview of Spray Polyurethane Foam

Spray polyurethane foam is a thermoset cellular plastic insulating material formed by combining methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and a polyol blend.  The reaction between these two materials releases heat and within a few minutes foam is formed and is typically no longer tacky or sticky.  In the United States, MDI is known as the A-Side (or Component A) and the polyol blend is known as the B-Side (Component B).

Component Materials Health Risks

MDI (A-Side or Isocyanate Side):

MDI has a potential risk of irritation and sensitization through inhalation and skin contact.  Exposure can affect skin, eyes, and lungs. Once sensitized, continuing exposure can cause persistent or progressive symptoms and even life-threatening asthmatic reactions, so remove sensitized people from potential exposure activities.  Wear the proper personal protective equipment (PPE) when working with MDI.

See the manufacturer’s Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for more detailed information on potential health effects.

Polyol Blend (Resin or B-side):

The B-side formulations for SPF use five basic chemical classes: polyols, blowing agents, catalysts, flame retardants and surfactants.  The polyol blend has a potential health risk of irritation to the respiratory system, skin, and eyes. Wear the proper PPE when working with polyol blends.  See the manufacturer’s MSDS for more detailed information on potential health effects.

Cured Foam:

The polyurethane foam that forms from the reaction of the A- and B-side chemicals is considered essentially inert and non-hazardous when properly installed and cured. Avoid exposing the polyurethane foam to extreme heat (>200°F) or open flame due to the possibility that such extreme heat can ignite the foam.

OUR PERSONAL CONTACT WITH THE ISOCYANATES

In 1987 I purchased a pair of leather gloves lined with wool for the cold winters of Illinois.  Immediately after I wore then for an hour or so I developed a very significant rush in both of my hands, along with swelling.  My hands almost doubled in size.  I removed the gloves and within few days my hands were back to normal.  Few weeks later, I tried the gloves again, only to have the same reaction.  I then realized that something is wrong with these gloves.  I had them tested at the University chemistry lab and the results came positive for isocyanates and particularly MDI.  Apparently, the isocyanates are combined with other polymers to enhance adhesion performance of the synthetic textile fibers.  I was allergic to these isocyanates.  After I got my PhD in Environmental Engineering, I became more intimately familiar with the manufacture and application of these compounds in everyday life.  They are everywhere.  Some people are allergic to some of them, other people are allergic to different compounds.  I am not allergic to fiberglass insulation, but my brother in law will develop blisters even if he comes close to it.  So, we believe that there are people who are sensitive to the chemicals and may develop allergies, asthma and other health issues.

I worked in the theatrical scenery industry for 20 years for a company with no respiratory protection program, where urethane spray foam was used constantly.  The thing about spray foam is that is doesn’t have an overpowering odor, which makes one less concerned about breathing the vapors.  Stronger labeling by manufacturer’s right on the canisters such as a big red WARNING sign would be helpful for people who are not instructed properly and the employer does not provide MSDS.  In my last year at that company I developed chest pains and breathing problems.  I did not suspect it was urethane vapors making me so ill.  Improper mixing will also sometimes emit liquids that will never solidify and leak into wood and other porous materials. Spray foam is used commonly in the theatrical industry for such things as texture, large sculpture, and other applications that it is not intended for.

WHAT ARE THE ISOCYANATES?

Isocyanates have been used in the United States since the 1950s, and are produced by reacting a primary aliphatic or aromatic amine dissolved in a solvent such as xylene or monochlorobenzene with phosgene dissolved in the same solution.  They contain two OASH-NCO cyanato groups attached to an organic radical, and react exothermically with compounds containing active hydrogen atoms to form a polymeric mass (polyurethane). This polyurethane is then used in the production of rigid or flexible foams, surface coatings, paints, electrical wire insulation, adhesives, rubbers and fibers.

The most common forms of isocyanates are toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and Hexamethylene Diisocyanate (HDI).   TDI is popular for producing many paints and coatings, along with flexible foam, which is used in making cushions for automobiles, furniture and mattresses.  MDI is commonly used in the production of adhesives, automobile bumpers, shoe soles, coated fabrics and spandex fibers.  It can also be found in paints.

MDI is used in the manufacturing of rigid foams, and must be heated before causing asthma-like conditions when inhaled as an aerosol.  This makes MDI somewhat less hazardous than TDI, so it has been replacing TDI in certain applications.  HDI is mainly used to make polyurethane foams and coatings it is also used as a hardener in in automobile and airplane paint. Exposure can cause an allergic asthma-like response with coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath.

Some less common forms of isocyanates include:

o        napthylene diisocyanate (NDI)

o        polymethylene bisphenylisocyanate (PAPI)

Asthma and other Effects of Isocyanates

Isocyanates have been determined to be the leading attributable cause of work-related asthma (NIOSH, 2004).  TDI is a liquid at room temperature, and can cause asthma-like conditions when inhaled as an aerosol (such as spray paint).   Repeated exposures to isocyanates have been shown to exacerbate existing asthmatic conditions (Mapp, 2005).  Isocyanates are the key materials used to produce polyurethane polymers.  These polymers are found in common materials such as polyurethane foams, thermoplastic elastomers, spandex fibers, and polyurethane paints. Isocyanates are the raw materials that make up all polyurethane products.   Exposures may also occur during the thermal degradation of polyurethane products (e.g., burning or heating at high temperatures).  

OSHA has Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) for Methylene bisphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and 2,4 toluene diisocyanate TDI of 0.02 ppm.  This corresponds to 0.20 mg/m3 for MDI and 0.14 mg/m3 for TDI.   Health effects of isocyanate exposure include irritation of skin and mucous membranes, chest tightness, and difficult breathing. Isocyanates include compounds classified as potential human carcinogens and known to cause cancer in animals. The main effects of hazardous exposures are sensitization which can lead to work-related asthma (sometimes called occupational asthma) and other lung problems, as well as irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and skin.

Below is a list of jobs with potential isocyanate exposures and materials that may contain isocyanates.  It is important to understand additional sources of isocyanate exposures, especially for those already sensitized or with asthma, in order to avoid exacerbating an existing asthmatic condition. Because isocyanate exposures can occur across multiple jobs, it is important to understand where prior exposures have occurred. In addition to SPF applications, OSHA has identified the following industries where Isocyanate worker exposures can occur – some of which use a similar material to SPF (in bold):

Potential Jobs-Related Isocyanate Exposures

·                     Automotive - paints, glues, insulation, sealants and fiber bonding, truck bed lining

·                     Casting - foundry cores

·                     Building and construction - in sealants, glues, insulation material, fillers

·                     Electricity and electronics - in cable insulation, PUR coated circuit boards

·                     Mechanical engineering - insulation material

·                     Paints – lacquers

·                     Plastics - soft and hard plastics, plastic foam and cellular plastic

·                     Printing – inks and lacquers

·                     Timber and furniture - adhesive, lacquers, upholstery stuffing and fabric

·                     Textile – synthetic textile fibers

·                     Medical care – PUR casts

·                     Mining – sealants and insulating materials

·                     Food industry – packaging materials and lacquers

·                     Shipbuilding

·                     Firefighting

Isocyanate Exposure Levels

The OSHA permissible-exposure limit (PEL) for TDI and MDI is 0.02 ppm of air as a ceiling limit. The ceiling is the highest concentration to which an employee can be exposed. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) recognizes 0.005 ppm as its threshold-limit value (TLV) as an eight-hour time-weighted average and 0.02 ppm as a short-term exposure limit (STEL) for TDI, MDI and HDI.

Air Monitoring for Isocyanate

OSHA test method 42 (for TDI and HDI) and method 47 (for MDI) spell out personal-monitoring procedures for isocyanates. Samples are to be collected by drawing a known volume of air through glass fiber filters with a recommended air volume and sampling rate of 15L at 1L to 2L per minute.

You can also conduct continuous isocyanates monitoring. Many companies offer single-point monitors that can continuously monitor isocyanates for up to one month. They operate by an electro-optical sensing system, which uses a cassette-like tape. A stain occurs on the tape, and is then read in proportion to the concentration of the isocyanate.

Different cassette tapes are available. Standard-play tapes are replaced every two weeks. Extended play tapes last for a month. Datalogging monitors with alarms are also available. These types of monitors are ideal in spray-booth operations.

Effects of Isocyanate Overexposure

Exposure to isocyanates can lead to chemical bronchitis and pneumonitis. An isocyanate reaction often includes coughing, tightness of the chest, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, eye and skin irritations, gastric pain and loss of consciousness.

Continuous overexposure to isocyanates can lead to pulmonary sensitization or "isocyanate asthma." When this occurs, symptoms improve when the irritant is removed. However, acute asthma attacks occur on renewed exposure, even when the encounter is very brief or at low levels of isocyanates, and can cause death.

Skin contact can cause inflammation and necrosis, which might lead to dermatitis. Wash hands with soap and water immediately upon contact.

Personal Protective Equipment for Handling Isocyanates

Prior to OSHA’s revision to the respiratory protection standard (April 8, 1998) supplied air respirators were required to help reduce exposures to isocyanates, this was appropriate due to the poor warning properties of isocyanates.  Now air purifying respirators may be used for those compounds that have poor warning properties if the cartridge change schedule is set up.  This is because cartridge change schedules are required instead of workers relying on warning properties of compounds for cartridge change out.  Properly selected and used air-purifying respirators can be used to safely and effectively to reduce exposures to common diisocyanates. Appropriate cartridge change schedules should be developed to ensure cartridges are changed before breakthrough occurs.  OSHA allows employers to choose air-purifying respirators for diisocyanates if they are appropriate for their workplace.  A complete respiratory protection program per 29 CFR 1910.134 is necessary to ensure that respirators are selected properly and provide appropriate protection.

Isocyanates are also a hazard to the skin, hand protection such as Butyl rubber gloves or SilverShield®/4H gloves can adequately protect hands from isocyanates.  Chemical protective clothing that is rated for use to protect against isocyanates is also suggested.

Eye and face protection may also need to be considered for on the job protection as isocyanates are known to be an irritant to the eyes. 

References

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.  Worker Health Chartbook 2004. NIOSH Publication Number 2004-146

Mapp CE, Boschetto P, Maestrelli P, Fabbri LM.  (2005) Occupational Asthma.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med 172; 28/0-305.

3M Job Health Highlights-Respirator Selection for Diisocyanates, Vol 18, August, 2009

American Journal of Industrial Medicine 13:331-349 (1988) "Isocyanates and Respiratory Disease Current Status"

Clinical Allergy. 1984, Volume 14, p.329-339.

IN 2011, THE US. EPA DEVELOPED AN ACTION PLAN FOR SPRAY POLYURETHANE FOAM

Based on EPA’s screening-level review of hazard and exposure information, including information indicating uncured MDI and its related polyisocyanates are used in a range of consumer and commercial products as well as in products intended only for an industrial market, EPA intends to:

1. Issue a data call-in for uncured MDI under TSCA section 8(c) to determine if there are allegations of significant adverse effects and initiate a TSCA section 8(d) rulemaking for one-time reporting of relevant unpublished health and safety studies for uncured MDI.

2. Consider initiating a TSCA section 4 test rule to require exposure monitoring studies on uncured MDI and its related polyisocyanates in consumer products and exposure monitoring studies in representative locations where commercial products with uncured MDI and its related polyisocyanates would be used.

3. Consider initiating rulemaking under TSCA section 6 for

a.                            Consumer products containing uncured MDI, and

b.                            Commercial uses of uncured MDI products in locations where the general population could be exposed.

4. Consider identifying additional diisocyanates and their related polyisocyanates that may be present in an uncured form in consumer products that should be evaluated for regulatory and/or voluntary action.

Material (components of SPF and the final product)

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS): Employers are required by OSHA to provide training on MSDSs and employees need to have a full understanding of the contents of an MSDS. Employers are also required by OSHA to have MSDSs readily available on jobsites. Here is an overview of the key sections of most MSDSs for SPF-related chemicals:

Name of Product or Chemical:

• Component A (isocyanate)

• Component B (typically includes: polyol, amine catalyst, blowing agent, fire retardant, surfactant)

• Solvents

• Cleaning solutions

• Coatings

Potential hazards:

• Acute and chronic toxicity

• Irritation

• Sensitization

Personal protection equipment (PPE):

• Respiratory protection

• Eye protection

• Gloves

• Disposable coveralls or clothing that protects against exposure

• Boot covers (resistant to wear)

Storage and handling of the chemicals:

• Proper storage conditions for the materials

• Procedure and equipment/supplies to properly contain and clean a spill

Procedures in case of an accidental exposure or overexposure:

• First-aid procedures

• First aid materials to keep on the jobsite

Other information that is provided in an MSDS:

• Fire-fighting measures

• Physical and chemical properties

• Stability and reactivity

• Toxicology

• Disposal

• Transportation

• Regulatory information

Applicable Safety Standards

When establishing jobsite safety standards, a company needs to refer to the applicable safety standards. These can include, but are not limited to, the following OSHA standards:

• Hazard Communication: 29 CFR 1910.1200 and 1926.59

• Respiratory Protection: 29 CFR 1910 Part 134

• Personal Protective Equipment: 29 CFR 1910 Part 132-138 and 1926.95

• Ventilation: 29 CFR 1910.94 and 1926.57

Jobsite Preparation

Like all field-applied foams and coatings, quality control and quality assurance is critical to the successful performance of SPF roof systems. But unlike many other roofing materials, an SPF roof is assembled in the field. Materials such as extruded polystyrene foam, single-ply membranes of EPDM and TPO, and form flashings are manufactured in controlled production settings with rigorous quality processes in place. Manufacturing plants are equipped with automated systems to control temperature and humidity or to catch pumps that go off ratio so that corrections can be made before multiple runs of material are manufactured improperly.

Since SPF serves as the thermal boundary, moisture barrier and flashing, quality control is extremely important during application to ensure the system is properly “site-manufactured.” A successful application of SPF depends heavily on the applicator’s skill and the employment of a quality-control/quality-assurance plan to establish that the substrate is properly prepared, that the foam mix ratio is correct, and that proper ambient conditions are maintained.

Continuous field quality control/quality assurance is necessary throughout the application process in order to achieve a successful SPF application.

Key materials used in SPF systems include spray polyurethane foam and protective surfacing. Primers can be used to facilitate adhesion, but are not a substitute for proper surface preparation

There are many factors to consider when planning any SPF installation, such as the place of work, area of building occupancy, size of work area, and many others.  Assess any special requirements or risks before the job starts and develop a plan to address them.  Understanding ventilation requirements is essential.  For example, shut down HVAC systems during a SPF application.  System shut-down stops dust, aerosol and vapors from being drawn into the HVAC system.  For interior applications, this can help prevent airborne materials from being distributed from one part of a building to another.  Once the HVAC system is shut down, seal the air intakes with plastic sheeting and tape to prevent dust and spray from entering the system.  Some SPF manufacturers recommend that the HVAC system stay sealed and inoperable for up to 24 hours after the SPF application.  Individual SPF manufacturer’s recommendations concerning re-occupancy supersede any general recommendation.  Once you determine when an appropriate time has elapsed, based on the manufacturer’s recommendation, remove the plastic sheeting and tape.

General Preparation Steps

There are several steps to consider prior to the actual application of the foam insulation. Examples of steps to consider include:

1.       Provide a briefing for the general contractor and/or owner of the building so they can better understand the scope of the work and the safety procedures to utilize during the application process.

2.       Confirm necessary inspections associated with the other trades have been completed and approved prior to the installation of the insulation.

3.       Confirm all permits are in place prior to the spraying operation.

4.       Complete other trade work to avoid later disturbance of insulation.

5.       Install warning signs and caution tapes.

6.       Clear building occupants and non-SPF personnel from building. Consider utilizing the best practices for the use of containment and ventilation techniques detailed in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s “Ventilation Guidance for Spray Polyurethane Foam Application”: http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/projects/spf/ventilation-guidance.html

7.       Designate an area for putting on and removing PPE.

Jobsite Crews and Safety Briefings

Many commercial jobsites may require contractors to conduct safety briefings with the jobsite crews. They may require that documentation of meetings be submitted to the general contractor for the project. As a good safety practice, companies may consider implementing this policy regardless of whether the job is residential or commercial in nature.  The Daily Work Log outlined in the previous section (3.1) can provide a helpful structure for developing your own work log. Daily Work Logs are also a method for improving record keeping.

Notice to Other Trades and Occupants

Vacate building occupants and non-SPF personnel from the building during the application of SPF and for a period of time following the completion of spraying. Where this is not possible or practical for large commercial buildings, the use of containment and ventilation techniques can be utilized.  For residential applications, the homeowner needs to vacate the home and return only after the specified re-occupancy time.  Communicate with other trades working in proximity to the spray application area. Giving notice to other trades is an important aspect on larger commercial projects due to the number and kinds of workers in and around the jobsite.

The focal points for this communication are the general contractor, building owner, home owner, or other responsible personnel for the project. Educate the onsite supervisor or project manager at the start of the project long before the actual spray application starts so that they have a complete understanding of the jobsite safety requirements before the beginning of the spray application process. Critical jobsite safety concerns include proximity of open flame sources and personnel to the spray application area.

General Safety Considerations

After the spray application area is secured, check the overall area and extinguish all sources of flame (e.g. pilot lights). Also, check for flue piping, lighting fixtures, and other heat producing devices.

Set up and prepare the necessary ladders, scaffolding, aerial lifts, and rigging. Once set up, perform a safety check of all the equipment to check that it is properly assembled, nothing is broken or missing, and that all safety devices are operational and in place. Check walking and work surfaces and the routing and location of process equipment hoses and electrical cords as they can present a trip hazard. If gas powered equipment is in use, vent the exhaust fumes to an open environment in order to limit the risk of a buildup of carbon monoxide in the work area.

Lockout/Tagout

Some projects may present instances where you want to consider locking out/tagging out of equipment. Lockout/tagout includes practices and procedures to safeguard employees from the unexpected energizing or startup of machinery and equipment, or the release of hazardous energy during service or maintenance activities. For work near energized equipment, contractors should follow the OSHA standards (29 CFR § 1926.417 or 1910.147). The SPF contractor coordinates with the appropriate facility personnel for locking/tagging out equipment.

Ventilation Considerations

Another jobsite consideration is ventilation. Turn off HVAC duct system fans and seal them so overspray does not enter the duct system. If gas powered equipment is used, direct the exhaust fumes to an open environment to prevent a buildup of carbon monoxide in the work area.

If evacuating an entire commercial building is not practical or possible, consider the potential for SPF chemicals to migrate to other floors. Containment and ventilation methods help prevent migration of chemicals and particulates. Discussing the project and application with property management and other contractors in areas or floors that will remain occupied during the period of SPF application is an important consideration.

Spray foam insulation is the target of civil complaints filed in federal district courts.   Federal lawsuits claiming that spray-polyurethane foam insulation is toxic and can sicken those who live in houses where it has been installed are pending in more than a half-dozen states.

To date, complaints have been filed in federal district courts in Florida, New York, Michigan, New Jersey, Connecticut, Wisconsin, and Pennsylvania, Claims are pursued against a number of different manufacturers and installers, including Demilec, Lapolla, Masco, and NCFI Polyurethanes.  We believe that it will be difficult to win these class action cases, as the SPF can be safe if properly applied.  The individual lawsuits could be more successful, though, depending on the sensitive population impacted, namely children and infants and certain adults.

Health Concerns

Spray polyurethane foam (SPF) is a highly-effective and widely used insulation and air sealant material. However, exposures to its key ingredient, isocyanates, and other SPF chemicals in vapors, aerosols, and dust during and after installation can cause asthma, sensitization, lung damage, other respiratory and breathing problems, and skin and eye irritation.

Individuals with a history of skin conditions, respiratory allergies, asthma, or prior isocyanate sensitization should carefully review product information when considering the use of SPF products and may want to consider safer alternatives. Manufacturers recommend in their isocyanate safety data sheets that individuals undergo medical surveillance prior to working with these materials and individuals with a history of medical conditions as described above will be restricted from work with isocyanates.

• Health Concerns Associated with Side A: Isocyanates
• Health Concerns Associated with Side B: Polyol Blend

Health Concerns Associated with Side A: Isocyanates

Isocyanates are a class of highly reactive chemicals with widespread industrial, commercial, and retail or consumer applications.

Exposure to isocyanates may cause skin, eye and lung irritation, asthma, and “sensitization.” There is no recognized safe level of exposure to isocyanates for sensitized individuals. Isocyanates have been reported to be the leading attributable chemical cause of work-related asthma. Both dermal and respiratory exposures can trigger adverse health responses.

EPA, other federal agencies, states, industry, and other countries have taken a variety of actions to address risks posed by exposure to isocyanates.

Exposures to isocyanates should be minimized.  The following were noted in the NIOSH Alert, Preventing Asthma and Death from MDI Exposure during Truck Bed Liner and Related Applications.

• Isocyanates have been reported to be the leading attributable chemical cause of work-related asthma, a potentially life-threatening disease.
• Exposure to isocyanates can cause contact dermatitis, skin and respiratory tract irritation, sensitization, and asthma.
• Both skin and inhalation exposures can lead to respiratory responses.
• Isocyanates can cause “sensitization,” which means that some people may become allergic to isocyanates and could experience allergic reactions including: itching and watery eyes, skin rashes, asthma, and other breathing difficulties. Symptoms may also be delayed up to several hours after exposure. If you are allergic or become sensitized, even low concentrations of isocyanates can trigger a severe asthma attack or other lung effects, or a potentially fatal reaction. There is no recognized safe level of exposure to isocyanates for sensitized individuals.
• Some workers who become sensitized to isocyanates are subject to severe asthma attacks if they are exposed again. Death from severe asthma in some sensitized persons has been reported. NIOSH issued an earlier Alert in 1996, “Preventing Asthma and Death from Diisocyanate Exposure."
• Sensitization may result from either a single exposure to a relatively high concentration or repeated exposures to lower concentrations over time; this is an area where additional research is needed.
• Even if you do not become sensitized to isocyanates, they may still irritate your skin and lungs, and many years of exposure can lead to permanent lung damage and respiratory problems.
• All skin contact should be avoided since contact with skin may lead to respiratory sensitization or cause other allergic reactions. Appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) should be used during all activities that may present exposure to any isocyanate compounds to avoid sensitization. 

 

Health Concerns Associated with Side B: Polyol Blend

Side B contains a blend of proprietary chemicals that provide unique properties in the foam, and may vary widely from manufacturer to manufacturer.  

• Catalysts may be amine or metal catalysts
• Amine catalysts in SPF may be sensitizers and irritants that can cause blurry vision (halo effect)
• Flame retardants, such as halogenated compounds, may be persistent, bioaccumulative, and/or toxic chemicals (PBTs). Some examples include:

• TCPP -(Tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate)
• TEP -(Triethyl phosphate)
• TDCP -(Tris (1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate blend)

• Blowing agents may have adverse health effects
• Foam blowing agents
• Some surfactants may be linked to endocrine disruption

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