Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Fact Sheets

Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Fact Sheets

1 Introduction

The Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council (ITRC) has developed six fact sheets to summarize the latest science and emerging technologies for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). The fact sheets are tailored to the needs of state regulatory program personnel who are tasked with making informed and timely decisions regarding PFAS-impacted sites. The content is also useful to
consultants and parties responsible for the release of these contaminants, as well as public and tribal stakeholders. The fact sheets in the series are:

1. Naming Conventions and Physical and Chemical Properties
2. Regulations, Guidance, and Advisories
3. History and Use
4. Environmental Fate and Transport
5. Site Characterization Tools, Sampling Techniques, and Laboratory Analytical Methods
6. Remediation Technologies and Methods.

Information about each fact sheet is included in this document.

1.1 What are PFAS?

PFAS are a complex family of more than 3,000 manmade (always blame the men - no women were ever involved in the chemistry and production of these compounds and no women ever used the commercial products made of PFAS!)  fluorinated organic chemicals (Wang et al. 2017), although not all are in current use or production. PFAS include both per- and polyfluorinated chemicals. 

Perfluorinated chemicals, such as perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and
perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), are a subset of PFAS with carbon chain  atoms that are totally fluorinated, while polyfluorinated chemicals have at least one carbon chain atom that is not totally fluorinated (Buck et al. 2011). Due to unique physical and chemical properties (for example, surfactant, oil-repelling, water-repelling), PFAS have been extensively manufactured and used worldwide. Some PFAS are environmentally stable, mobile, persistent, and bioaccumulative.

1.2 Why are PFAS Important?

The scientific community is rapidly recognizing and evolving its understanding of PFAS in the environment. PFAS in the environment are considered to be contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). CECs are those chemicals that present known or potentially unacceptable human health effects or environmental risks, and either: (1) do not have regulatory cleanup standards, or (2) regulatory standards are evolving due to new science, detection capabilities or pathways, or both (USDOD 2009).

PFAS are found globally in both remote and urban environments, and some PFAS are present in various matrices including human blood (whole, plasma, and serum), sediments, surface and groundwater, and wildlife (Kannan et al. 2004; Yamashita et al. 2005; Higgins et al. 2005; Rankin et al. 2016).
There is evidence there may be health effects associated with exposure to some PFAS (USEPA 2016b, c). In May 2016, USEPA issued Lifetime Health Advisories (LHAs) for two of the most widely detected perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs); PFOA and PFOS, of 70 nanograms per liter (ng/L, equivalent to parts per trillion [ppt]) in drinking water for each substance, as well as when combined. In addition,
several states have set guidance values for additional PFAAs.

2 Fact Sheet Overviews

The following sections briefly describe the fact sheets included in this series. They will be available for download from the ITRC web site.

2.1 Naming Conventions and Physical and Chemical Properties

The naming conventions for the many, varied PFAS are complicated and have changed over time as more information has become available. It is important to have an up-to-date summary of the terminology, names, and acronyms for PFAS. This fact sheet focuses on the names of the PFAS most commonly found
in the environment, provides an overview of known physical and chemical properties, and current data gaps for PFAS properties.

2.2 Regulations, Guidance, and Advisories

Important regulations and advisories for PFAS in the environment have been recently released by USEPA and severalstates, although these are likely to expand and change as more information becomes available. This fact sheet
provides a brief overview of the existing regulatory and guidance values. The fact sheet describes the primary state and U.S. programs used to regulate PFAS, summarizes current values for groundwater, drinking water, surface water/ effluent, and soil, and discusses the basis for differences in various federal and
state drinking water criteria for PFOA and PFOS.

2.3 History and Use

The fact sheet provides a brief history of the discovery and development of PFAS, their subsequent detection in the environment, emerging concerns of potential adverse human health effects, and efforts to reduce their use or
develop less toxic replacement formulations. It also describes the sources of PFAS in the environment and the specific contaminants likely associated with those sources.

2.4 Environmental Fate and Transport

The fate and transport of PFAS are complicated by the number and diversity of substances involved, their frequent occurrence as mixtures, and by the variety of PFAS source materials. This fact sheet describes key processes associated with four of the most common PFAS sources: fire training/fire response sites, industrial sites, landfills, and wastewater treatment plants/biosolids. The
processes described are partitioning, transport in air and water, and both abiotic and biotic transformations. The fact sheet also summarizes PFAS occurrences in air, surface water, groundwater, soil/sediment, and biota (plants, invertebrates, fish, and humans), and identifies the processes that influence the concentrations found in each of these media.

2.5 Site Characterization Tools, Sampling Techniques, and Laboratory Analytical Methods

PFAS contamination poses several unique site characterization and analytical challenges because very low concentrations of several different substances must be sampled and analyzed, and these substances often occur in complex mixtures that can change over time. This fact sheet describes the characterization tools, sampling techniques, and analytical methods that are special or unique to PFAS, many of which have been developed only recently.

2.6 Remediation Technologies and Methods

PFAS are very resistant to destructive treatment technologies and can be expensive to remove using existing technologies. Several innovative technologies for PFAS removal and treatment have been recently commercialized, while others are under development. This fact sheet provides an overview of the technologies and methods currently available for both soil and water treatment, and also identifies and describes the general treatment processes under development. Challenges and limitations are discussed for each process.

3 Supporting Information

The ITRC PFAS web page includes lists of acronyms and combined references for the fact sheets. Supplementary information for some of the fact sheets is also available, as Microsoft Excel files. These tables will be updated periodically as new information is gathered. The fact sheet user is encouraged to visit the ITRC PFAS web page to access current versions of the tables.

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Lindstrom, A. B., M. J. Strynar, A. D. Delinsky, S. F. Nakayama, L. McMillan, E. L. Libelo, M. Neill, L. Thomas. 2011. “Application of WWTP Biosolids and Resulting Perfluorinated Compound Contamination of Surface and Well Water in Decatur, Alabama, USA.” Environmental Science and Technology 45 (19): 8015−8021.

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Acronyms

ADONA	trade name for 4,8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoate
AFFF	aqueous film forming foam
APFO	ammonium perfluorooctanoate
ARAR	applicable or relevant and appropriate requirement
BAF	bioaccumulation factor
BCF	bioconcentration factor
BSAF	biota-sediment accumulation factor
BuFASA	N-Butyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamide
BuFASE	N-Butyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamido ethanols
BuFASAA	N-Butyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamido acetic acid
CAA	Clean Air Act
CAP	chemical action plan
CAS	Chemical Abstract Service
CNT	carbon nanotubes
CWA	Clean Water Act
CERCLA	Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
CFR	Code of Federal Regulations
CMC	critical micelle concentrations
CSM	conceptual site model
EAO	Emergency Administrative Order
ECF	electrochemical fluorination
EtFASA	N-Ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamide
EtFASE	N-Ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamido ethanol (var: N-Ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamide ethanol)
EtFASAA	N-Ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamido acetic acid (var: N-Ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamide acetic acid)
EtFOSA	N-Ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide
EtFOSE	N-Ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamido ethanol (var: N-Ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide ethanol)
FASA	perfluoroalkane sulfonamide
FASE	Perfluoroalkane sulfonamido ethanol (var: perfluoroalkane sulfonamide ethanol)
FASAA	Perfluoroalkane sulfonamido acetic acid (var: perfluoroalkane sulfonamide acetic acid)
FFFP	film forming fluoroprotein foam
FOSA, or PFOSA	perfluorooctane sulfonamide
FOSAA	perfluorooctane sulfonamido acetic acid (var: perfluorooctane sulfonamide acetic acid)
FOSE	perfluorooctane sulfonamido ethanol (var: perfluorooctane sulfonamide ethanol)
FP	fluoroprotein
FTA	fire training area
FTCA	fluorotelomer carboxylic acid
FTOH	fluorotelomer alcohol
FTSA or FTS	fluorotelomer sulfonate, fluorotelomer sulfonic acid
GAC	granular activated carbon
GenX	trade name for ammonium 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy)propanoate
IARC	International Agency for Research on Cancer
ITRC	Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council
IX	ion exchange
LHA	Lifetime Health Advisory
LNAPL	light non-aqueous phase liquids
MCL	Maximum Contaminant Level
MeFASA	N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamide
MeFASAA	N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamido acetic acid (var: N-methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamide acetic acid)
MeFASE	N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamido ethanol (var: N-methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamide ethanol)
MeFOSA	N-Methyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide
MF	microfiltration
MSW	municipal solid waste
OECD	Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
NCOD	National Contaminant Occurrence Database
NF	nanofiltration
NTP	National Toxicology Program
PAC	powdered activated carbon
PASF	perfluoroalkane sulfonyl fluoride
PBT	persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic
PFAA	perfluoroalkyl acid
PFAS	per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
PFBA	perfluorobutanoate, perfluorobutanoic acid, perfluorobutyrate, perfluorobutyric acid
PFBS	perfluorobutane sulfonate, perfluorobutane sulfonic acid
PFC	perfluorinated compound or perfluorochemical
PFCA	perfluoroalkyl carboxylate, perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid
PFDA	perfluorodecanoate, perfluorodecanoic acid
PFDoA, or PFDoDA	perfluorododecanoate, perfluorododecanoic acid
PFDoS, or PFDoDS	perfluorododecane sulfonate, perfluorododecane sulfonic acid
PFDS	perfluorodecane sulfonate, perfluorodecane sulfonic acid
PFHpA	perfluoroheptanoate, perfluoroheptanoic acid
PFHpS	perfluoroheptane sulfonate, perfluoroheptane sulfonic acid
PFHxA	perfluorohexanoate, perfluorohexanoic acid
PFHxS	perfluorohexane sulfonate, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid
PFNA	perfluorononanoate, perfluorononanoic acid
PFNS	perfluorononane sulfonate, perfluorononane sulfonic acid
PFOA	perfluorooctanoate, perfluorooctanoic acid
PFOS	perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid
PFOSA, or FOSA	perfluorooctane sulfonamide
PFOSE	perfluoroalkylsulfonamidoethanol
PFPA	perfluorophosphonic acid
PFPeA	perfluoropentanoate, perfluoropentanoic acid
PFPeS	perfluoropentane sulfonate, perfluoropentane sulfonic acid
PFPiA	perfluorophosphinic acid
PFSA	perfluoroalkyl sulfonate, perfluoroalkane sulfonic acid
PFTeDA, or PFTA	Perfluorotetradecanoic acid
PFTrDA, or PFTriA	Perfluorotridecanoic acid
PFUnA, or PFUnDA	perfluoroundecanoate, perfluoroundecanoic acid
PFUnS, or PFUnDS	perfluoroundecane sulfonate, perfluoroundecane sulfonic acid
POP	persistent organic pollutant
ppb	parts per billion
ppm	parts per million
ppt	parts per trillion
PTFE	polytetrafluoroethylene
PWS	public water system
RBEL	Risk-based Exposure Limit
RCRA	Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RML	Removal Management Level
RO	reverse osmosis
RSL	Regional Screening Level
SDWA	Safe Drinking Water Act
SNUR	Significant New Use Rule
SPLP	Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure
TBC	To-Be-Considered values
TCLP	Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
TOP	Total Oxidizable Precursor
TRRP	Texas Risk Reduction Program
TSCA	Toxic Substances and Control Act
UCMR	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule
UF	ultrafiltration
U.S.C.	United States Code
USEPA	United States Environmental Protection Agency
USDOD	United States Department of Defense
WWTP	Waste water treatment plant