Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Fact Sheets
1 Introduction
The Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council (ITRC) has developed six fact sheets to summarize the latest science and emerging technologies for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). The fact sheets are tailored to the needs of state regulatory program personnel who are tasked with making informed and timely decisions regarding PFAS-impacted sites. The content is also useful to
consultants and parties responsible for the release of these contaminants, as well as public and tribal stakeholders. The fact sheets in the series are:
1. Naming Conventions and Physical and Chemical Properties
2. Regulations, Guidance, and Advisories
3. History and Use
4. Environmental Fate and Transport
5. Site Characterization Tools, Sampling Techniques, and Laboratory Analytical Methods
6. Remediation Technologies and Methods.
Information about each fact sheet is included in this document.
1.1 What are PFAS?
PFAS are a complex family of more than 3,000 manmade (always blame the men - no women were ever involved in the chemistry and production of these compounds and no women ever used the commercial products made of PFAS!) fluorinated organic chemicals (Wang et al. 2017), although not all are in current use or production. PFAS include both per- and polyfluorinated chemicals.
Perfluorinated chemicals, such as perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and
perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), are a subset of PFAS with carbon chain atoms that are totally fluorinated, while polyfluorinated chemicals have at least one carbon chain atom that is not totally fluorinated (Buck et al. 2011). Due to unique physical and chemical properties (for example, surfactant, oil-repelling, water-repelling), PFAS have been extensively manufactured and used worldwide. Some PFAS are environmentally stable, mobile, persistent, and bioaccumulative.
1.2 Why are PFAS Important?
The scientific community is rapidly recognizing and evolving its understanding of PFAS in the environment. PFAS in the environment are considered to be contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). CECs are those chemicals that present known or potentially unacceptable human health effects or environmental risks, and either: (1) do not have regulatory cleanup standards, or (2) regulatory standards are evolving due to new science, detection capabilities or pathways, or both (USDOD 2009).
PFAS are found globally in both remote and urban environments, and some PFAS are present in various matrices including human blood (whole, plasma, and serum), sediments, surface and groundwater, and wildlife (Kannan et al. 2004; Yamashita et al. 2005; Higgins et al. 2005; Rankin et al. 2016).
There is evidence there may be health effects associated with exposure to some PFAS (USEPA 2016b, c). In May 2016, USEPA issued Lifetime Health Advisories (LHAs) for two of the most widely detected perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs); PFOA and PFOS, of 70 nanograms per liter (ng/L, equivalent to parts per trillion [ppt]) in drinking water for each substance, as well as when combined. In addition,
several states have set guidance values for additional PFAAs.
2 Fact Sheet Overviews
The following sections briefly describe the fact sheets included in this series. They will be available for download from the ITRC web site.
2.1 Naming Conventions and Physical and Chemical Properties
The naming conventions for the many, varied PFAS are complicated and have changed over time as more information has become available. It is important to have an up-to-date summary of the terminology, names, and acronyms for PFAS. This fact sheet focuses on the names of the PFAS most commonly found
in the environment, provides an overview of known physical and chemical properties, and current data gaps for PFAS properties.
in the environment, provides an overview of known physical and chemical properties, and current data gaps for PFAS properties.
2.2 Regulations, Guidance, and Advisories
Important regulations and advisories for PFAS in the environment have been recently released by USEPA and severalstates, although these are likely to expand and change as more information becomes available. This fact sheet
provides a brief overview of the existing regulatory and guidance values. The fact sheet describes the primary state and U.S. programs used to regulate PFAS, summarizes current values for groundwater, drinking water, surface water/ effluent, and soil, and discusses the basis for differences in various federal and
state drinking water criteria for PFOA and PFOS.
2.3 History and Use
The fact sheet provides a brief history of the discovery and development of PFAS, their subsequent detection in the environment, emerging concerns of potential adverse human health effects, and efforts to reduce their use or
develop less toxic replacement formulations. It also describes the sources of PFAS in the environment and the specific contaminants likely associated with those sources.
develop less toxic replacement formulations. It also describes the sources of PFAS in the environment and the specific contaminants likely associated with those sources.
2.4 Environmental Fate and Transport
The fate and transport of PFAS are complicated by the number and diversity of substances involved, their frequent occurrence as mixtures, and by the variety of PFAS source materials. This fact sheet describes key processes associated with four of the most common PFAS sources: fire training/fire response sites, industrial sites, landfills, and wastewater treatment plants/biosolids. The
processes described are partitioning, transport in air and water, and both abiotic and biotic transformations. The fact sheet also summarizes PFAS occurrences in air, surface water, groundwater, soil/sediment, and biota (plants, invertebrates, fish, and humans), and identifies the processes that influence the concentrations found in each of these media.
processes described are partitioning, transport in air and water, and both abiotic and biotic transformations. The fact sheet also summarizes PFAS occurrences in air, surface water, groundwater, soil/sediment, and biota (plants, invertebrates, fish, and humans), and identifies the processes that influence the concentrations found in each of these media.
2.5 Site Characterization Tools, Sampling Techniques, and Laboratory Analytical Methods
PFAS contamination poses several unique site characterization and analytical challenges because very low concentrations of several different substances must be sampled and analyzed, and these substances often occur in complex mixtures that can change over time. This fact sheet describes the characterization tools, sampling techniques, and analytical methods that are special or unique to PFAS, many of which have been developed only recently.
2.6 Remediation Technologies and Methods
PFAS are very resistant to destructive treatment technologies and can be expensive to remove using existing technologies. Several innovative technologies for PFAS removal and treatment have been recently commercialized, while others are under development. This fact sheet provides an overview of the technologies and methods currently available for both soil and water treatment, and also identifies and describes the general treatment processes under development. Challenges and limitations are discussed for each process.
3 Supporting Information
The ITRC PFAS web page includes lists of acronyms and combined references for the fact sheets. Supplementary information for some of the fact sheets is also available, as Microsoft Excel files. These tables will be updated periodically as new information is gathered. The fact sheet user is encouraged to visit the ITRC PFAS web page to access current versions of the tables.
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Acronyms
| ADONA | trade name for 4,8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoate |
| AFFF | aqueous film forming foam |
| APFO | ammonium perfluorooctanoate |
| ARAR | applicable or relevant and appropriate requirement |
| BAF | bioaccumulation factor |
| BCF | bioconcentration factor |
| BSAF | biota-sediment accumulation factor |
| BuFASA | N-Butyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamide |
| BuFASE | N-Butyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamido ethanols |
| BuFASAA | N-Butyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamido acetic acid |
| CAA | Clean Air Act |
| CAP | chemical action plan |
| CAS | Chemical Abstract Service |
| CNT | carbon nanotubes |
| CWA | Clean Water Act |
| CERCLA | Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act |
| CFR | Code of Federal Regulations |
| CMC | critical micelle concentrations |
| CSM | conceptual site model |
| EAO | Emergency Administrative Order |
| ECF | electrochemical fluorination |
| EtFASA | N-Ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamide |
| EtFASE | N-Ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamido ethanol (var: N-Ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamide ethanol) |
| EtFASAA | N-Ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamido acetic acid (var: N-Ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamide acetic acid) |
| EtFOSA | N-Ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide |
| EtFOSE | N-Ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamido ethanol (var: N-Ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide ethanol) |
| FASA | perfluoroalkane sulfonamide |
| FASE | Perfluoroalkane sulfonamido ethanol (var: perfluoroalkane sulfonamide ethanol) |
| FASAA | Perfluoroalkane sulfonamido acetic acid (var: perfluoroalkane sulfonamide acetic acid) |
| FFFP | film forming fluoroprotein foam |
| FOSA, or PFOSA | perfluorooctane sulfonamide |
| FOSAA | perfluorooctane sulfonamido acetic acid (var: perfluorooctane sulfonamide acetic acid) |
| FOSE | perfluorooctane sulfonamido ethanol (var: perfluorooctane sulfonamide ethanol) |
| FP | fluoroprotein |
| FTA | fire training area |
| FTCA | fluorotelomer carboxylic acid |
| FTOH | fluorotelomer alcohol |
| FTSA or FTS | fluorotelomer sulfonate, fluorotelomer sulfonic acid |
| GAC | granular activated carbon |
| GenX | trade name for ammonium 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy)propanoate |
| IARC | International Agency for Research on Cancer |
| ITRC | Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council |
| IX | ion exchange |
| LHA | Lifetime Health Advisory |
| LNAPL | light non-aqueous phase liquids |
| MCL | Maximum Contaminant Level |
| MeFASA | N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamide |
| MeFASAA | N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamido acetic acid (var: N-methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamide acetic acid) |
| MeFASE | N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamido ethanol (var: N-methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamide ethanol) |
| MeFOSA | N-Methyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide |
| MF | microfiltration |
| MSW | municipal solid waste |
| OECD | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |
| NCOD | National Contaminant Occurrence Database |
| NF | nanofiltration |
| NTP | National Toxicology Program |
| PAC | powdered activated carbon |
| PASF | perfluoroalkane sulfonyl fluoride |
| PBT | persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic |
| PFAA | perfluoroalkyl acid |
| PFAS | per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances |
| PFBA | perfluorobutanoate, perfluorobutanoic acid, perfluorobutyrate, perfluorobutyric acid |
| PFBS | perfluorobutane sulfonate, perfluorobutane sulfonic acid |
| PFC | perfluorinated compound or perfluorochemical |
| PFCA | perfluoroalkyl carboxylate, perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid |
| PFDA | perfluorodecanoate, perfluorodecanoic acid |
| PFDoA, or PFDoDA | perfluorododecanoate, perfluorododecanoic acid |
| PFDoS, or PFDoDS | perfluorododecane sulfonate, perfluorododecane sulfonic acid |
| PFDS | perfluorodecane sulfonate, perfluorodecane sulfonic acid |
| PFHpA | perfluoroheptanoate, perfluoroheptanoic acid |
| PFHpS | perfluoroheptane sulfonate, perfluoroheptane sulfonic acid |
| PFHxA | perfluorohexanoate, perfluorohexanoic acid |
| PFHxS | perfluorohexane sulfonate, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid |
| PFNA | perfluorononanoate, perfluorononanoic acid |
| PFNS | perfluorononane sulfonate, perfluorononane sulfonic acid |
| PFOA | perfluorooctanoate, perfluorooctanoic acid |
| PFOS | perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid |
| PFOSA, or FOSA | perfluorooctane sulfonamide |
| PFOSE | perfluoroalkylsulfonamidoethanol |
| PFPA | perfluorophosphonic acid |
| PFPeA | perfluoropentanoate, perfluoropentanoic acid |
| PFPeS | perfluoropentane sulfonate, perfluoropentane sulfonic acid |
| PFPiA | perfluorophosphinic acid |
| PFSA | perfluoroalkyl sulfonate, perfluoroalkane sulfonic acid |
| PFTeDA, or PFTA | Perfluorotetradecanoic acid |
| PFTrDA, or PFTriA | Perfluorotridecanoic acid |
| PFUnA, or PFUnDA | perfluoroundecanoate, perfluoroundecanoic acid |
| PFUnS, or PFUnDS | perfluoroundecane sulfonate, perfluoroundecane sulfonic acid |
| POP | persistent organic pollutant |
| ppb | parts per billion |
| ppm | parts per million |
| ppt | parts per trillion |
| PTFE | polytetrafluoroethylene |
| PWS | public water system |
| RBEL | Risk-based Exposure Limit |
| RCRA | Resource Conservation and Recovery Act |
| RML | Removal Management Level |
| RO | reverse osmosis |
| RSL | Regional Screening Level |
| SDWA | Safe Drinking Water Act |
| SNUR | Significant New Use Rule |
| SPLP | Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure |
| TBC | To-Be-Considered values |
| TCLP | Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure |
| TOP | Total Oxidizable Precursor |
| TRRP | Texas Risk Reduction Program |
| TSCA | Toxic Substances and Control Act |
| UCMR | Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule |
| UF | ultrafiltration |
| U.S.C. | United States Code |
| USEPA | United States Environmental Protection Agency |
| USDOD | United States Department of Defense |
| WWTP | Waste water treatment plant |