Report details lead contamination in water at St. Louis schools
By Elisa Crouch and Blythe Bernhard St. Louis Post-Dispatch
ST. LOUIS, MO- Water samples from 16 schools in the city school system contained lead levels that exceeded those most commonly found in homes in Flint, Mich., after a contamination crisis there, according to results released Thursday by an environmental engineering company.
In several schools, including Fanning Middle School, Langston Middle School and Gallaudet Elementary, multiple sources produced water samples with lead levels four to five times higher.
Results from the districtwide water testing effort were presented to the public at the Special Administrative Board meeting. Within minutes, the three-member board unanimously approved up to $1 million to eliminate the contamination. District staff have begun replacing the sinks, drinking fountains, and pipes causing the contamination.
“We’re taking aggressive action,” Superintendent Kelvin Adams said. “We are working really hard to make sure that water that students drink is safe water.”
Last winter, national concerns about lead in drinking water amid the Flint crisis prompted the district to ask its environmental engineering contractor to test consumable water in every school. In March, Environmental Consultants LLC began testing the samples taken from sites that serve babies, toddlers and preschoolers at Parent Infant Interaction Programs, early childhood centers and preschool locations. Water from those locations did not contain any or enough lead to require action.
Then came testing at elementary schools, followed by middle and high schools. The testing finished before the school year began, with samples tested from 797 water sources in all 72 active school buildings.
“What we looked at were the drinking fountains,” said Jeff Faust, managing principal of Environmental Consultants LLC. “We went to the cafeterias and kitchens and sampled the sinks, the hand washing and dish washing stations. We also went to the teachers’ lounge where we sampled the sinks, the water used to make coffee.”
Samples were “first draw” samples, meaning the water had been in the pipes for at least six hours prior to sampling to get the highest readings possible.
“They wanted to know: How bad can this problem be?” Faust said.
The Environmental Protection Agency requires action to be taken if lead levels in drinking water reach 15 parts per billion. St. Louis school officials made 10 parts per billion their action level — turning off any water source that met or exceeded that amount.
At least one sink or drinking fountain was shut off in 32 buildings. Bottled water is being distributed at 13 schools where a significant number of drinking fountains are turned off or inoperable.
First draw readings above 30 parts per billion are considered a serious lead contamination problem, according to researchers at Virginia Tech who tested water samples from homes in Flint last year after corrosive water caused pipes to leach lead. In Flint, 90 percent of the water samples from homes had lead measures of 27 parts per billion or less.
Sixteen schools in St. Louis had water samples with levels at 30 parts per billion, with the highest readings between 200 and 300.
The highest levels came from samples taken from a third-floor drinking fountain at Beaumont High School; first- and second-floor drinking fountains at Fanning Middle School; two first-floor drinking fountains at Gallaudet Elementary School; two kitchen sinks at Langston Middle School; and a kitchen sink and a storage room drinking fountain at Northwest High School.
Any children younger than 6 or pregnant women should consider having their blood tested for lead if they were exposed to water from those sources, according to the Flint researchers. Parents of older children should watch for weight loss, loss of appetite or behavioral changes in their children and consider testing.
Dr. Sandeep Rohatgi, a Mercy Kids pediatrician, called the water test results worrisome and thinks the problem could be more widespread throughout the region.
“Especially if it’s in a school, that is very concerning,” Rohatgi said. “We expect our kids to be safe there and not exposed to dangerous elements like lead.”
Children in the affected schools in St. Louis should have their blood lead levels tested, he recommended. The city health department is offering the tests to students and pregnant women for free. The district will have on-site lead testing at affected schools if parents request it.
The majority of school districts in the St. Louis area have announced intentions to test, or are scheduled to do them. They include Clayton, Parkway, University City, Maplewood-Richmond Heights, Rockwood, Ladue, Pattonville, Francis Howell, Jennings, Ritenour, Hazelwood and Affton. Confluence Academies, a network of charter schools in the city, also has plans to test. Testing is underway in Ferguson-Florissant and at some Catholic schools. Normandy tested its water last spring and found no contamination.
In St. Louis, water at district administration buildings will be tested this weekend.
So far in the affected schools, 18 sink faucets have been replaced, said Roger CayCe, the district’s superintendent of operations. Water samples from 11 of them have lead levels below the district’s action level, he said. Water from two of the new sinks remain above acceptable levels. In those cases, operations crews will begin replacing pipes to eliminate the source of contamination.
The percentage of young children with lead poisoning in St. Louis has been steadily declining for decades to 9 percent in 2014. The primary threat in St. Louis remains dust from lead-based paints, which were commonly used before 1978. St. Louis Public Schools has remediated all lead paint in classrooms that serve children under the age of 7.
Babies and young children are most prone to the irreversible damage caused by ingesting lead. Their growing bodies and brains absorb lead more than older children and adults.
St. Louis municipal tap water is tested regularly for lead and is found to be safe. Lead enters drinking water on the premises, when service pipes containing lead corrode. Occasionally, lead leaches from solder, brass valves and components found in faucets and drinking fountains.
The district’s testing efforts will continue even after the sources of contamination are eliminated. CayCe said the district will retest sources that had levels above 10 parts per billion annually. All other water sources will be retested every three years.
“We still have old buildings,” Faust said. “We still have the potential for lead. Over time corrosion is only going to continue.”
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How toxic is lead-tainted tap water?
By Blythe Bernhard St. Louis Post-Dispatch
Aug 25, 2016
For decades, St. Louis has battled a lead poisoning threat from paint in older homes. Now the discovery of lead in sinks and drinking fountains at some local schools raises questions about the safety of the tap water.
Tap water from municipal sources is tested regularly and contains only trace amounts of lead. The toxic heavy metal can enter the water through corroding lead pipes and fixtures inside a building, especially if the water has not been turned on for several hours or days.
How much lead in tap water poses a health risk? It’s difficult for doctors to know because it varies from person to person based on how much water they consume, their age, metabolism and diet.
There is no safe level of lead in the blood. Lead causes neurological damage and is linked to lowered intelligence, behavioral problems, learning disabilities and stunted growth in young children. Chronic long-term exposure in older children and adults can lead to anemia, high blood pressure and joint weakness.
Still, it is unlikely that the concentration of lead in schools’ tap water is causing health problems in St. Louis.
“If people are not sick, they haven’t been exposed to a toxic amount of lead in water,” said Julie Weber, director of the Missouri Poison Center.
Those most at risk from lead exposure are pregnant women, infants and young children with developing brains and nervous systems. State law requires blood lead level testing for all kids under age 6 in St. Louis city and several ZIP codes in St. Louis County based on the age of the housing stock. More than 9 percent of young children in St. Louis and about 3 percent in St. Louis County have lead levels above 5 micrograms per deciliter of blood, the federal threshold for intervention.
The primary source of lead poisoning in the St. Louis area is ingesting or inhaling paint dust. Lead-based paint was common in houses and buildings before 1978, when it was banned for consumer use. Children who live in older houses and whose schools have contaminated water could face an additional burden of lead in their bodies.
A report due Thursday is expected to reveal the concentrations of lead in water found in sinks or drinking fountains in 30 St. Louis public schools.
The action level to deal with lead in drinking water is 15 parts per billion, a regulatory threshold set by the Environmental Protection Agency and not an indication of personal health risk. A result of 15 parts per billion or higher alerts officials that the water could be absorbing lead from plumbing.
The EPA once cited a lead concentration in water of 40 parts per billion as dangerous to the health of children and pregnant women, but has since backed off to say there is not enough evidence to support the figure. The agency now states there is no safe level of lead in water.
For its recent testing, St. Louis Public Schools set a threshold of 10 parts per billion for shutting down and further investigating a water source.
Pregnant women and children should switch to bottled water if lead levels in homes or buildings reaches 15 parts per billion, according to guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Food and Drug Administration sets a lead limit of 5 parts per billion for bottled water.
Adults exposed to lead through drinking tap water are unlikely to experience any health effects. Their bodies absorb less lead than young children, and balanced diets including calcium, iron and vitamin C can counteract the effects of lead. Babies who drink formula mixed with tainted tap water are most likely to develop symptoms. There is no risk from bathing or washing hands, since lead is not absorbed through the skin.
Flint crisis
The water crisis in Flint, Mich., came from the water source but lead levels in tap water varied among households. Most had no detectable lead while others reached more than 13,000 parts per billion, a level considered hazardous waste. Pediatricians there raised red flags when they saw an increase from 2 percent to 4 percent of children who tested high for lead after the city switched the source of its water.
Although lead can accumulate in the body, it is eliminated when the source of lead exposure is removed. Any damage to a child’s brain may be permanent, although there is some evidence that young brains can compensate for the changes.
Dr. Bruce Lanphear of Simon Fraser University in Canada, an expert in lead contamination, said there has been no research directly looking at the effects of contaminated water in school drinking fountains on children or adults. Lanphear’s research has shown a 1-point increase in blood lead levels in children whose homes had drinking water with lead concentrations of 5 parts per billion or higher.
This generation of children is exposed to much less lead than their parents or grandparents, who lived in a time of unregulated factory waste, lead gasoline and paint. In 1975, more than 2,500 children in St. Louis city had blood lead levels higher than 40 micrograms, enough to trigger medical care. By 2014, only nine children in all of Missouri tested higher than 45 micrograms.