Thursday, November 16, 2017

Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Fact Sheets




Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Fact Sheets

1 Introduction

The Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council (ITRC) has developed six fact sheets to summarize the latest science and emerging technologies for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). The fact sheets are tailored to the needs of state regulatory program personnel who are tasked with making informed and timely decisions regarding PFAS-impacted sites. The content is also useful to
consultants and parties responsible for the release of these contaminants, as well as public and tribal stakeholders. The fact sheets in the series are:


1. Naming Conventions and Physical and Chemical Properties
2. Regulations, Guidance, and Advisories
3. History and Use
4. Environmental Fate and Transport
5. Site Characterization Tools, Sampling Techniques, and Laboratory Analytical Methods
6. Remediation Technologies and Methods.

Information about each fact sheet is included in this document.


1.1 What are PFAS?

PFAS are a complex family of more than 3,000 manmade (always blame the men - no women were ever involved in the chemistry and production of these compounds and no women ever used the commercial products made of PFAS!)  fluorinated organic chemicals (Wang et al. 2017), although not all are in current use or production. PFAS include both per- and polyfluorinated chemicals. 

Perfluorinated chemicals, such as perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and
perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), are a subset of PFAS with carbon chain  atoms that are totally fluorinated, while polyfluorinated chemicals have at least one carbon chain atom that is not totally fluorinated (Buck et al. 2011). Due to unique physical and chemical properties (for example, surfactant, oil-repelling, water-repelling), PFAS have been extensively manufactured and used worldwide. Some PFAS are environmentally stable, mobile, persistent, and bioaccumulative.

1.2 Why are PFAS Important?

The scientific community is rapidly recognizing and evolving its understanding of PFAS in the environment. PFAS in the environment are considered to be contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). CECs are those chemicals that present known or potentially unacceptable human health effects or environmental risks, and either: (1) do not have regulatory cleanup standards, or (2) regulatory standards are evolving due to new science, detection capabilities or pathways, or both (USDOD 2009).

PFAS are found globally in both remote and urban environments, and some PFAS are present in various matrices including human blood (whole, plasma, and serum), sediments, surface and groundwater, and wildlife (Kannan et al. 2004; Yamashita et al. 2005; Higgins et al. 2005; Rankin et al. 2016).
There is evidence there may be health effects associated with exposure to some PFAS (USEPA 2016b, c). In May 2016, USEPA issued Lifetime Health Advisories (LHAs) for two of the most widely detected perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs); PFOA and PFOS, of 70 nanograms per liter (ng/L, equivalent to parts per trillion [ppt]) in drinking water for each substance, as well as when combined. In addition,
several states have set guidance values for additional PFAAs.

2 Fact Sheet Overviews

The following sections briefly describe the fact sheets included in this series. They will be available for download from the ITRC web site.

2.1 Naming Conventions and Physical and Chemical Properties

The naming conventions for the many, varied PFAS are complicated and have changed over time as more information has become available. It is important to have an up-to-date summary of the terminology, names, and acronyms for PFAS. This fact sheet focuses on the names of the PFAS most commonly found
in the environment, provides an overview of known physical and chemical properties, and current data gaps for PFAS properties.

2.2 Regulations, Guidance, and Advisories

Important regulations and advisories for PFAS in the environment have been recently released by USEPA and severalstates, although these are likely to expand and change as more information becomes available. This fact sheet
provides a brief overview of the existing regulatory and guidance values. The fact sheet describes the primary state and U.S. programs used to regulate PFAS, summarizes current values for groundwater, drinking water, surface water/ effluent, and soil, and discusses the basis for differences in various federal and
state drinking water criteria for PFOA and PFOS.

2.3 History and Use

The fact sheet provides a brief history of the discovery and development of PFAS, their subsequent detection in the environment, emerging concerns of potential adverse human health effects, and efforts to reduce their use or
develop less toxic replacement formulations. It also describes the sources of PFAS in the environment and the specific contaminants likely associated with those sources.

2.4 Environmental Fate and Transport

The fate and transport of PFAS are complicated by the number and diversity of substances involved, their frequent occurrence as mixtures, and by the variety of PFAS source materials. This fact sheet describes key processes associated with four of the most common PFAS sources: fire training/fire response sites, industrial sites, landfills, and wastewater treatment plants/biosolids. The
processes described are partitioning, transport in air and water, and both abiotic and biotic transformations. The fact sheet also summarizes PFAS occurrences in air, surface water, groundwater, soil/sediment, and biota (plants, invertebrates, fish, and humans), and identifies the processes that influence the concentrations found in each of these media.

2.5 Site Characterization Tools, Sampling Techniques, and Laboratory Analytical Methods

PFAS contamination poses several unique site characterization and analytical challenges because very low concentrations of several different substances must be sampled and analyzed, and these substances often occur in complex mixtures that can change over time. This fact sheet describes the characterization tools, sampling techniques, and analytical methods that are special or unique to PFAS, many of which have been developed only recently.

2.6 Remediation Technologies and Methods

PFAS are very resistant to destructive treatment technologies and can be expensive to remove using existing technologies. Several innovative technologies for PFAS removal and treatment have been recently commercialized, while others are under development. This fact sheet provides an overview of the technologies and methods currently available for both soil and water treatment, and also identifies and describes the general treatment processes under development. Challenges and limitations are discussed for each process.

3 Supporting Information

The ITRC PFAS web page includes lists of acronyms and combined references for the fact sheets. Supplementary information for some of the fact sheets is also available, as Microsoft Excel files. These tables will be updated periodically as new information is gathered. The fact sheet user is encouraged to visit the ITRC PFAS web page to access current versions of the tables.





References



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Acronyms

ADONA trade name for 4,8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoate
AFFF aqueous film forming foam
APFO ammonium perfluorooctanoate
ARAR applicable or relevant and appropriate requirement
BAF bioaccumulation factor
BCF bioconcentration factor
BSAF biota-sediment accumulation factor
BuFASA N-Butyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamide
BuFASE N-Butyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamido ethanols
BuFASAA N-Butyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamido acetic acid
CAA Clean Air Act
CAP chemical action plan
CAS Chemical Abstract Service
CNT carbon nanotubes
CWA Clean Water Act
CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
CMC critical micelle concentrations
CSM conceptual site model
EAO Emergency Administrative Order
ECF electrochemical fluorination
EtFASA N-Ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamide
EtFASE N-Ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamido ethanol (var: N-Ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamide ethanol)
EtFASAA N-Ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamido acetic acid (var: N-Ethyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamide acetic acid)
EtFOSA N-Ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide
EtFOSE N-Ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamido ethanol (var: N-Ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide ethanol)
FASA perfluoroalkane sulfonamide
FASE Perfluoroalkane sulfonamido ethanol (var: perfluoroalkane sulfonamide ethanol)
FASAA Perfluoroalkane sulfonamido acetic acid (var: perfluoroalkane sulfonamide acetic acid)
FFFP film forming fluoroprotein foam
FOSA, or PFOSA perfluorooctane sulfonamide
FOSAA perfluorooctane sulfonamido acetic acid (var: perfluorooctane sulfonamide acetic acid)
FOSE perfluorooctane sulfonamido ethanol (var: perfluorooctane sulfonamide ethanol)
FP fluoroprotein
FTA fire training area
FTCA fluorotelomer carboxylic acid
FTOH fluorotelomer alcohol
FTSA or FTS fluorotelomer sulfonate, fluorotelomer sulfonic acid
GAC granular activated carbon
GenX trade name for ammonium 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy)propanoate
IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer
ITRC Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council
IX ion exchange
LHA Lifetime Health Advisory
LNAPL light non-aqueous phase liquids
MCL Maximum Contaminant Level
MeFASA N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamide
MeFASAA N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamido acetic acid (var: N-methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamide acetic acid)
MeFASE N-Methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamido ethanol (var: N-methyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamide ethanol)
MeFOSA N-Methyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide
MF microfiltration
MSW municipal solid waste
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
NCOD National Contaminant Occurrence Database
NF nanofiltration
NTP National Toxicology Program
PAC powdered activated carbon
PASF perfluoroalkane sulfonyl fluoride
PBT persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic
PFAA perfluoroalkyl acid
PFAS per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
PFBA perfluorobutanoate, perfluorobutanoic acid, perfluorobutyrate, perfluorobutyric acid
PFBS perfluorobutane sulfonate, perfluorobutane sulfonic acid
PFC perfluorinated compound or perfluorochemical
PFCA perfluoroalkyl carboxylate, perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid
PFDA perfluorodecanoate, perfluorodecanoic acid
PFDoA, or PFDoDA perfluorododecanoate, perfluorododecanoic acid
PFDoS, or PFDoDS perfluorododecane sulfonate, perfluorododecane sulfonic acid
PFDS perfluorodecane sulfonate, perfluorodecane sulfonic acid
PFHpA perfluoroheptanoate, perfluoroheptanoic acid
PFHpS perfluoroheptane sulfonate, perfluoroheptane sulfonic acid
PFHxA perfluorohexanoate, perfluorohexanoic acid
PFHxS perfluorohexane sulfonate, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid
PFNA perfluorononanoate, perfluorononanoic acid
PFNS perfluorononane sulfonate, perfluorononane sulfonic acid
PFOA perfluorooctanoate, perfluorooctanoic acid
PFOS perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid
PFOSA, or FOSA perfluorooctane sulfonamide
PFOSE perfluoroalkylsulfonamidoethanol
PFPA perfluorophosphonic acid
PFPeA perfluoropentanoate, perfluoropentanoic acid
PFPeS perfluoropentane sulfonate, perfluoropentane sulfonic acid
PFPiA perfluorophosphinic acid
PFSA perfluoroalkyl sulfonate, perfluoroalkane sulfonic acid
PFTeDA, or PFTA Perfluorotetradecanoic acid
PFTrDA, or PFTriA Perfluorotridecanoic acid
PFUnA, or PFUnDA perfluoroundecanoate, perfluoroundecanoic acid
PFUnS, or PFUnDS perfluoroundecane sulfonate, perfluoroundecane sulfonic acid
POP persistent organic pollutant
ppb parts per billion
ppm parts per million
ppt parts per trillion
PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
PWS public water system
RBEL Risk-based Exposure Limit
RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RML Removal Management Level
RO reverse osmosis
RSL Regional Screening Level
SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act
SNUR Significant New Use Rule
SPLP Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure
TBC To-Be-Considered values
TCLP Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
TOP Total Oxidizable Precursor
TRRP Texas Risk Reduction Program
TSCA Toxic Substances and Control Act
UCMR Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule
UF ultrafiltration
U.S.C. United States Code
USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
USDOD United States Department of Defense
WWTP Waste water treatment plant